20 Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business. （2006年阅读第三篇）

21 The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.” （2005年阅读第二篇）

22 In fact, when we say that all of us must be educated to fit us for life, it means that we must be educated in such a way that, firstly, each of us can do whatever job is suited to his brain and ability, and secondly, that we can realize that all jobs are necessary to society, and that it is very bad to be unwilling to do one’s work, or to laugh at someone else’s. Only such a type of education can be called valuable to society.

参考答案

16 Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are comprehensive programs that address the many needs of the homeless.（2006年完形填空）

妙语点睛 第一个that从句是宾语从句，作notes的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分；

第二个that从句是定语从句，修饰先行词programs，that作从句的主语。

精品译文 《波士顿环球报》记者Chris Reidy指出，只有通过全面的规划来解决无家可归者的诸多需要，形势才会有所改善。

17 This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. （2005年英译汉第48题）

妙语点睛 第一个that从句是宾语从句，作demonstrates的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分；

第二个that从句是定语从句，修饰先行词statistics，that作从句的主语。

第三个that从句是宾语从句，作show的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分。

精品译文 仅这一点就表明在电视行业里生存不那么容易，这个事实通过统计数字也是一目了然，统计表明80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不下50%。

18 As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.

妙语点睛 第一个that从句是宾语从句，作acknowledges的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分；

第二个that从句是定语从句，修饰先行词language or dialect，that作从句的主语。

精品译文 作为一名语言学家，他承认所有的人类语言，包括非标准的语言，如黑人英语，都可以明确地表情达意——世界上没有一种语言或方言不能表达复杂的意思。

19 Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected American. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not American, who have become anti-intellectual.（2006年英译汉）

妙语点睛 第一个that从句是主语从句，that不作从句的任何成分；

第二个that从句是宾语从句，作suggest的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分；

第三个that从句是宾语从句，作observed的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分；

第四个that是指示代词，代指前边的that从句：It is the intellectuals who have rejected American.

精品译文 美国的知识分子在他们的社会中被拒绝，而且被认为没有价值，这是真的吗？我想指出这不是真的。当Bruckbergen神父说他观察到的是知识分子拒绝了美国时，他只说对了一部分。实际上，知识分子们做得更过分，他们已经不满足于知识分子的身份。是他们，而不是美国，变得“反知识分子”。

20 Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.（2006年阅读第三篇）

妙语点睛 第一个that从句是宾语从句，作argue的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分；

第二个that是指示代词，代指前边的名词idea；

第三个that从句是表语从句，that不作从句的任何成分；

第四个that是指示代词，代指前边提到的那个“观念”（notion）：People have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past；

第五个that从句是宾语从句，作suggests的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分；

第六个that从句是定语从句，修饰先行词yield，that作从句的主语；

第七个that是指示代词，代指前边的50% of its original levels。

精品译文 Myers和Worm博士坚持认为，他们的研究给出了正确的基线，未来的管理决策者必须给予重视。他们相信这些资料支持了目前在海洋生物学家中流行的一种观点，即“多变的基线”观点。这种观点认为人们只限于对过去相对较短时期的研究，所以没有能够觉察到海洋中发生的巨大变化。这点很重要，因为理论指出，一个渔场能够获得的最高持续产量只有当目标物种的生物量是原来水平的50%时才能实现，而大部分的渔场都处于这个水平之下，这对于正常的商业活动是很不利的。

21 The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”（2005年阅读第二篇）

妙语点睛 第一个that从句是宾语从句，作tell的直接宾语，that不作从句的任何成分；

第二个that从句是宾语从句，作tell的另一个直接宾语，that不作从句的任何成分；

第三个that从句是表语从句，that不作从句的任何成分；

第四个that从句是主语从句，that不作从句的任何成分；

第五个that从句是定语从句，修饰先行词judgments，that作从句谓语provide的宾语。

精品译文 最近的事情是，得到白宫支持的国家科学院的一次专家论坛告诉我们，地球周围的大气正在变暖，而问题很大程度上是人为的。信息很明确，我们应该行动起来保护自己。科学院院长Bruce Alberts在小组提交的报告序言里加入了一个关键点：“科学不能提供所有的答案，但是确实为我们提供了关于未来的最佳指南。重要的是，我们的国家和全世界，在有关目前的行动所产生的未来后果上，应该把重要政策建立在科学所能提供的最佳判断的基础上。”

22 In fact, when we say that all of us must be educated to fit us for life, it means that we must be educated in such a way that, firstly, each of us can do whatever job is suited to his brain and ability, and secondly, that we can realize that all jobs are necessary to society, and that it is very bad to be unwilling to do one’s work, or to laugh at someone else’s. Only such a type of education can be called valuable to society.

妙语点睛 第一个that从句是宾语从句，作say的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分；

第二个that从句是宾语从句，作means的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分；

第三个that是such...that搭配，是定语从句；

第四个that是such...that搭配，是定语从句；

第五个that从句是宾语从句，作realize的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分；

第六个that从句是宾语从句，作realize的宾语，that不作从句的任何成分。

精品译文 事实上，我们说所有的人都必须接受教育以适应生活，也就是说我们必须以这样的方式接受教育：首先，我们每一个人能做与他自己智力、能力相适应的工作；其次，我们能够认识到，对社会来说所有工作都是必要的，不愿干自己的工作或嘲笑别人的工作都是不对的。只有这样的一种教育才能叫做对社会有价值的教育。





第四章 状语从句





4.1 状语从句的本质


英语中的状语从句有9大类，分别可表示：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式。尽管数目较多，但并不难理解。从本质上讲，状语从句就是用连词将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句之间特定的逻辑关系。请看2002年考研真题阅读第四篇的节选：

1 George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, ______ a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal ______ the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,” he says. “We don’t call those deaths homicides _____ the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, ______ they risked their death. ______you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide ______ you don’t intend their suicide.”（2002年阅读第四篇）

考生可以通过认真分析上下句之间的逻辑关系，或根据下面的译文填入合适的连词。

精品译文 波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯认为，只要医生开的药物是用于合法的医疗目的，他就没有做违法的事情，即使病人用这些药物来加速死亡。“这就好比外科手术，”他说道，“我们并不把这种死亡称作他杀。因为医生并不想要杀死他们的病人，虽然他们冒了杀人的风险。如果你是医生，你可以冒病人自杀的风险，只要你没有想要他们自杀。”

这篇短文在后文还要详细讲解，在此先不公布答案〔答案见P82页4.7.4小节例句（74）〕。通过这个小练习我们看到，掌握引导9类状语从句的连词的用法是学习状语从句的关键。只要认识连词，就能够识别是何种状语从句，从而正确分析句子结构并理解句子意思。基于状语从句的这种本质特征，考研英语中涉及到状语从句的考题主要是出现在Use of English“英语知识运用”（以下按传统称之为“完形填空”）中，就是在两个分句之间留一空格，让考生依据上下文来判断两个分句之间的逻辑关系，从而填入能使语义连贯的连词。此外，在“英译汉”和以前的“语法选择题”、“改错题”中也会出现有关状语从句的考题。在详细阐述各状语从句的连词及其用法之前，先来看几道考研真题。

真题再现：语法攻克考研“完形填空”——2006年第7题

2 Not everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless. Estimates range anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. 7 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is increasing.

A. Now that

B. Although

C. Provided

D. Except that

正确答案 B

妙语点睛 本题考查句子之间的语义关系，也就是状语从句中连词的使用，故必须先分析两个分句the figure may vary和analysts do agree on another matter之间的逻辑关系。前一个分句说“数字也许不同”，而后一个分句则表示“分析人士对另一件事持有共识”。显然，这两个分句之间是一种转折让步的关系，应填入Although。

精品译文 不是每个人都认同美国无家可归者的人数，估计数字从60万到300万不等。尽管数字不等，但是分析人士均认同另外一件事：无家可归者的人数正在增长。

真题再现：语法攻克考研“完形填空”——2006年第14题

3 Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their lives around.

A. when

B. once

C. while

D. whereas

正确答案 C

妙语点睛 同上题一样，本题考的也是状语从句中连词的使用，但比上一题难度更大。这来自于两方面，一是对分句间逻辑关系的判断。要分析两个分句14 not addicted or mentally ill（此句为省略句，相当于they are not addicted or mentally ill）和Many others simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their lives around之间的逻辑关系，不仅要看这两个分句，还要从更大的语篇——包括前两个句子Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders来判断。前面两句话解释了许多无家可归者流浪街头的原因：酗酒、吸毒成瘾和精神疾病。接下来是另外一个原因：虽然有些人既不酗酒、吸毒，也无精神疾病，但是仍然流浪街头，是因为他们缺乏必要的生存技能。所以，这里要填入一个让步转折的连词。C. while和D. whereas都有转折的意思，哪个更好呢？这就是造成本题难度加大的第二个原因：区分while和whereas。while作连词主要有四个意思：①当……时候（during the time that），时间状语从句连词；②只要（as long as），条件状语从句连词；③尽管（although），让步状语从句连词；④然而（whereas），表示对比。而whereas主要就是用来表示对比，比如：Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it. 有些人喜欢肥肉，有些人讨厌。whereas这种表示对比的用法将在下面讨论的2005年真题中得到进一步印证。综上所述，while的意思包含了whereas，但whereas并不能包含while。这里while取的是其第三个意思“尽管”。

精品译文 部分问题在于，许多无家可归的成年人酗酒或吸毒成瘾；还有大量的无家可归者患有严重的精神疾病。其他人虽然并不酗酒、吸毒，也没有精神疾病，却缺乏必需的日常生存技能。

真题再现：语法攻克考研“完形填空”——2005年第9题

4 Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.

A. when

B. since

C. for

D. whereas

正确答案 D

妙语点睛 本题考查的也是状语从句中连词的使用。在上一句分析过，whereas表示两者之间的对比关系，这正符合这道题中的两个分句some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another和others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers之间的逻辑关系。我们也看到，出题者没有像上题那样同时给出while和whereas两个选项，因为两项都可以选，所以给出了表示时间的when。

精品译文 奇怪的是，有些人发现他们能够闻到一种类型的花香但闻不到另一种，而另外一些人则对两种花香都敏感。

真题再现：语法攻克考研“完形填空”——1997年第48题

5 The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans.

A. but

B. while

C. and

D. whereas

正确答案 B

妙语点睛 本题考查的是状语从句中连词的使用。细心的读者一定会发现，本题的选项和上面例句（3）中的一样，同时包含while和whereas。至于选哪个连词，我们还得先分析分句之间的逻辑语义关系。两个分句是：The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive和avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans，但后一个分句是省略句，其完整形式应该是they avoid market cycles and the growing burdens...。两个分句都是在说明劳动力过剩这种现象给美国公司带来的好处——使它们既保持了自身的国际竞争力，同时也避免了市场周期的冲击，以及就业法规、医疗费用和养老金所带来的日益繁重的负担。在选项中只有while能够表示这种关系。

精品译文 这种现象为公司开辟了一条道路，使它们既保持了自身的国际竞争力，同时也避免了市场周期的冲击，以及就业法规、医疗费用和养老金所带来的日益繁重的负担。

从对以上考研真题的分析可知，出题者要求考生对连词while的意义和用法有一个深入而全面的掌握。由此可见，考研英语是考实力，而非“花拳绣腿”式的应试技巧。所以，考生要把握好状语从句逻辑连接词的用法和意义，增强自己的实力，这样才能真正在考试中以不变应万变。在此，我先把状语从句的连词展示给大家，其具体用法将在后边的各小节里详细阐述。

状语从句的引导词主要有：





4.2 时间状语从句

时间状语从句的连词较多，其用法特点也各异，另外还要注意主从句的时态搭配，在此我不作赘述。下面主要针对考研中出现的各类时间连词的用法作一个简单的分析归纳。

4.2.1 before的翻译

首先要说明的是，这里我不想详细讨论before的各个用法（比如它的主句和从句的时态关系），而只是分析一下它的汉译特点，因为这在考研中出现过。我们都知道，before一般译成“在……之前”。比如：

6 Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. （2004年阅读第三篇）

妙语点睛 before后边接了一个名词短语Alan Greenspan’s admission，其后that从句为同位语从句，补充说明admission。这里before正常地翻译成“在……之前”。

精品译文 甚至在阿兰·格林斯潘宣布美国经济繁荣正在降温之前，许多上班族早已觉察到了经济疲软的迹象。

7 During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.（2006年阅读“七选五”）

妙语点睛 before后边接了一个从句，主句谓语用过去完成时态，从句谓语用一般过去时态。

精品译文 威廉先生是一位年薪收入为35,000美元的州审计员，这几年，那个赌场让他输掉了约175,000美元。而在该赌场送给他一张价值20美元的赌票之前，他从未参与过赌博。

不过，有时我们为了使译文地道，需要将before的汉译做适当的调整，也就是说before不一定都要生硬、呆板地译成“在……之前”。请看下列真题例句：

真题再现：语法攻克考研“完形填空”——2004年第61题

8 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

妙语点睛 此句在P2页1.1.1小节第（8）个例句详细讨论过。这里再来讨论其中的第二个翻译难点，即before的翻译技巧。在英文中，before一般接肯定形式，但翻译成汉语时，往往处理成否定的意思。从句before people realized how diverse languages could be可以译成“在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别之前”。如果有的考生不知道before的这种汉译特点，就会把这句翻译成“希腊人认为语言的结构与思想的过程有某种联系，这种想法源于欧洲，很久以前，人们就意识到语言是多么的丰富多彩”。

精品译文 希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。

9 Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda—to lure us to open our wallets—they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.（2006年阅读第四篇）