2020考研英语完形填空精讲精练 第9集(3)

本站小编 免费考研网/2019-07-09



16. C. exception

此题属于固定搭配题。with the exception of表示“除……之外”。根据原文,此处是说the CFA Franc zone的货币委员会未被解散,是个例外,故选项C. exception正确。选项A. (with the)consideration(of)表示“考虑到”;选项B.(with the)intention(of)表示“怀有……目的”;选项D.(with)regard(to)表示“关于”,不与of连用。

17. B. Although

此题属于逻辑衔接题。句意为:虽然一直有推进ECOWAS货币联盟议程的尝试,但是该地区一些政治上的问题和经济优先权使得该进程进展缓慢。前后分句之间是让步关系,表示让步关系的连词只有B. Although,因此选项B为正确答案。选项A. Because表示因果关系;选项C. While表示“当……时”;D. Unless表示“除非”。

18. D. date

此题属于语意搭配题。date动词,表示“加日期于……,记日期”。如:He dated the arrival of each new bird. 原文前半句中出现advance the agenda of...cooperation,后半句提及political problem and other economic priorities对进程的影响,两句之间是转折关系,此处需要一个与时间、日期有关的词,date在此处指“给受阻的进程加日期”,强调进程缓慢,故选项D符合题意。选项A. delay表示“延迟”;选项B. deter表示“阻碍,使人停止”,相当于prevent/discourse sb. from doing。如:High prices are deterring a lot of new couples from buying houses.选项C. hinder表示“阻挠,妨碍”,相当于limit。如:Broken water pipes and gas leaks have hindered firefighters in their efforts.

19. C. integration

此题属于语意搭配题。integration表示“一体化”,指融合在一起,有时会做出相应调整。全文都在讨论一体化的内容,故选项C. integration“一体化”符合题意,regional integration表示“地区一体化”。选项A. development表示“发展”;选项B. prosperity表示“繁荣”;选项D. cooperation表示“合作”,为某一特定目的而在一起工作。如:The company produces computers in cooperation with a German firm.

20. A. revived

此题属于词义辨析题。revive指make or become conscious or strong again(复活,复兴);perform again(再度上演)。文中谈到货币一体化进程被耽搁已久,经过1999年尼日利亚的选举及其领导人的承诺,该计划可能重新实施,故选项A. revived正确。B. renewed=replaced表示“更新,更换”。如:renew a lease;C. restored表示“归还;复原”。如:restore borrowed books;restore confidence;又如:be restored to health;D. refreshed表示“给予新力量或活力;使振作”。如:refresh sb. with a glass of wine。

译文

2000年4月20日,非洲西部六国领导人在加纳首都阿克拉宣布他们计划在2003年1月之前在非洲金融共同体非法郎区的国家间推行货币联盟的计划,并将其作为2004年包含所有ECOWAS(西非国家经济共同体)国家在内的更广泛的货币联盟计划的第一步。六国承诺将央行的财政预算赤字减少到以前年度政府收入的10%;到2003年的第二阶段,将预算赤字减少到4%;着手解决预算赤字及其他经济问题;建立一个联合委员会以帮助协调宏观经济政策,而这必定是稳定的金融体系的基础;并设立一个共同的中央银行,旨在积极支持国内需求的增长。他们宣称:任何特定国家的经验对于货币联盟来说并不那么适用。成员国意识到他们需要一个强有力的政策承诺,并且答应寻求一切有利于地区货币一体化进程的国家政策。

在ECOWAS中设立货币联盟长期以来就是该组织的目标,这可以追溯到1975年其成立之时。货币联盟打算与更广泛的一体化进程一起完成,这些一体化进程包括加强区域贸易和共同机构的设立。在殖民统治时期,货币发行局联系着该区域内的不同国家。然而在这些国家独立时,这些货币委员会都被解散了,非洲金融共同体法郎区的除外。虽然一直有推进ECOWAS货币合作议程的尝试,但是该地区一些国家政治上的问题和其他经济优先权使得该进程进展缓慢。即使现在还存在一些问题,近期的倡议已得到1999年选举的民主政府和一位致力于推进尼日利亚区域一体化的领导者的支持。尼日利亚是该地区最大的经济体,这些都为长期耽搁的货币一体化进程的重启带来了希望。





Cloze 7


Standard English is the variety of English which is usually used in print and which is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language. It is also the variety which is normally  1  by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other  2  situations. The difference between standard and nonstandard, it should be noted, has  3  in principle to do with differences between formal and colloquial  4  ;standard English has colloquial as well as formal variants.

5  , the standard variety of English is based on the London  6  of English that developed after the Norman Conquest resulted from the removal of the Court from Winchester to London. This dialect became the one  7  by the educated, and it was developed and  8  as a model, or norm, for wider and wider segments of society. It was also the  9  that was carried overseas, but not one unaffected by such export. Today,  10  English is  11  to the extent that thegrammar and vocabulary of English are much the same everywhere in the world where English is used;  12  among local standards is really quite minor,  13  the Singapore, South Africa, and Irish varieties are really very  14  different from one another so far as grammar and vocabulary are  15  . Indeed, Standard English is so powerful that it exerts a tremendous  16  on all local varieties, to the extent that many of long  17  dialects of England have lost much of their vigor and there is considerable pressure on them to be  18  . This latter situation is not  19  to English:it is also true in other countries where processes of standardization are  20  . But it sometimes creates problems for speakers who try to strike some kind of compromise between local norms and national, even supranational(跨国的)ones.

1. A. said

B. told

C. talked

D. spoken

2. A. same

B. similar

C. equal

D. identical

3. A. anything

B. something

C. nothing

D. everything

4. A. language

B. vocabulary

C. idioms

D. words

5. A. Surprisingly

B. Historically

C. Interestingly

D. Generally

6. A. accent

B. pronunciation

C. spelling

D. dialect

7. A. preferred

B. learned

C. praised

D. created

8. A. fostered

B. bore

C. promoted

D. contributed

9. A. basis

B. norm

C. rule

D. variety

10. A. formal

B. colloquial

C. nonstandard

D. standard

11. A. communicated

B. circulated

C. arranged

D. modified

12. A. variation

B. standardization

C. unification

D. transformation

13. A. while

B. but

C. so that

D. nevertheless

14. A. great

B. much

C. no

D. little

15. A. concerned

B. concluded

C. mentioned

D. involved

16. A. strength

B. pressure

C. power

D. force

17. A. established

B. weakened

C. restored

D. eliminated

18. A. abandoned

B. changed

C. standardized

D. reformed

19. A. unusual

B. particular

C. unique

D. typical

20. A. in the way

B. under way

C. out of the way

D. all the way

[文章大意]标准英语指的是英语的一种变体,建立在伦敦方言的基础上。伦敦方言不断发展,逐渐发展成为一种标准,后来传到了海外。事实上,标准英语非常强大,以至于一些形成已久的方言正面临着被标准化的巨大压力。在其他一些正在进行标准化的国家也存在这种情况。但是,对于那些试图在地方标准、国家标准甚至国际标准间找到折中办法的人来说,它有时也会产生一些问题。


试题透析


1. D. spoken

此题属于语意搭配题。speak表示“说话”,着重开口发声,不着重所说的内容,一般为不及物动词,在作为及物动词时,宾语只能是语言(如Chinese/English)、真话(truth)等少数的词,不能接名词性从句。如:I have heard him speak of you. 原句出现的宾语English说明,此处选项D. spoken正确。选项A. say表示“说出,说道”,引出所说的话,用直接引语时只能用say。如:He said little that we didn't know yet. 又如:He said,“I don't know what happened.”选项B. tell表示“告诉”,兼有嘱托、命令之意,除了较少的情况,如tell the truth/a lie之外,一般后面接双宾语:tell sb. sth./to do sth. 或tell sb. about sth. 如:She told me to wait for her. 选项C. talk与speak意思相近,一般也用作不及物动词;用作及物动词时,宾语是nonsense等词,但talk含有“话是对某人说的”之意,有较强的对答、讨论意味。如:He went on talking for a long time, but he spoke so fast that few of us could catch what he said.

2. B. similar

此题属于语意搭配题。similar表示“类似的,相似的”。如:The two houses are very similar in appearance. 原句谈及标准英语使用的情况或场合,由other一词可知这种场合不是与news broadcasts一样的场合,而是相似的场合,故选项B. similar正确。选项A. same表示“相同的,同一的”。如:The same mistake occurs three times in the paragraph.选项C. equal表示“(指事物在数量价值方面)相等的,平等的;胜任的”。如:We divided the cake into three equal parts. 又如:He was equal to the occasion.(他能应付这场面。)选项D. identical表示“同样的,完全相同的”。如:It's the identical coat which was stolen from me. 又如:The tests are identical to those carried out last year.

3. C. nothing

此题属于词语搭配题。have sth./nothing to do with表示“与……有(无)关”。如:It had nothing to do with the committee's decision. 原文谈论的是,标准英语与非标准英语的差别是否与正式语言和口头语言的差别有关,根据本段最后一句可知,标准英语既有正式语言也有口语,因此,从原则上来说,二者没有关系,故选项C. nothing正确。

4. A. language

本题属于语意搭配题。此处缺一个名词。下面解释的句子中用到了variants一词,只有language“语言”一词与之范围相当。故选项A. language正确。其他选项:B. vocabulary“词汇”,C. idioms“成语”,D. words“单词”都属于variants的下义词。

5. B. Historically

此题属于语意搭配题。根据上下文意思,前面谈的是标准英语是什么,下文谈到标准英语的起源,故选项B. Historically“在历史上”正确。选项A. Surprisingly表示“令人吃惊地”;选项C. Interestingly表示“令人感到有趣的是”;选项D. Generally表示“一般地,通常”。如:Generally, he doesn't take medicine, but sometimes he does. 又如:It's generally believed that...(人们普遍认为……)。

6. D. dialect

此题属于语意搭配题。dialect表示“方言”,属于一种语言形式。根据下文出现的this dialect,可知此处是指伦敦方言,故选项D. dialect正确。选项A. accent“口音”,选项B. pronunciation“发音”,选项C. spelling“拼写”,都是属于语言的内容,故不符合题意。

7. A. preferred

此题属于语意搭配题。prefer表示“更喜欢”。如:Heprefers to work alone.根据上下文的意思,上文谈到标准英语从伦敦方言发展而来,而受过教育的人们使用的是标准英语,那么,伦敦英语肯定曾经受这些人的青睐(prefer),喜欢该语言并喜欢使用它,故选项A. preferred正确。选项B. learned“被习得”和选项C. praised“被赞扬”都不如preferred一词能体现出人们对伦敦方言的偏爱;选项D. created表示“被创造”,伦敦方言并不是由受过教育的人创造出来的。

8. C. promoted

此题属于语意搭配题。promoted意为“促进;提升”。文中意思为:这种方言逐渐发展,推广成为一种标准,故选项C正确。A. fostered意为“养育,培养”。如:She is trying to foster an interest in classical music in her daughter. B. bore意为“具有;忍耐;负荷;拥有(称号、标记等)”,是bear的过去式。如:Their baby bears a strong resemblance to its grandmother. D. contributed(to)意为“捐助;有贡献;有助于”。如:A proper amount of exercise contributes to good health.

9. B. norm

此题属于语意搭配题。norm表示“标准”。如:One child per family is becoming the norm in some countries. 根据上下文,前面谈到伦敦方言已经发展成为一种标准(norm),下文提及的正是这个norm漂洋过海,传到海外,因此选项B. norm正确。其他选项:A. basis表示“基础”,C. rule表示“规则”,都不符合题意;D. variety表示“变体”,伦敦英语是英语的一种变体,但这种变体已发展成为一种标准、模式,而传到海外的正是这一标准。

10. D. standard

此题属于语意搭配题。standard表示“标准(的)”。文中所谈论的都是standard English,因此选项D. standard正确。其他选项:A. formal“正式的”,B. colloquial“口语的,口语体的”,C. nonstandard“非标准的”,均不符合题意。

11. C. arranged

此题属于语意搭配题。选项C. arranged原本意为“整理;安排”,在这里可以解释为“发展到”。根据文中意思,英语已经发展到世界各地应用中语法和词汇基本相同的程度。故选项C. arranged为正确答案。选项A. communicated表示“交流,传达”,经常与with连用。如:My birth mother has never communicated with me. 选项B. circulated表示“循环,流通”。如:We should often open the windows to allow the air to circulate. 选项D. modified表示“修改;修饰”。如:We had to slightly modify the original design.

12. A. variation

此题属于语意搭配题。variation表示“变化(如生物学中的变种、音乐上的变调等)”。如:The same story was told, with slight variations, of many legendary heroes. 又如:The variations of temperature in that district are very great. 同源名词variety表示“多样性,不同品种”。如:There are numerous varieties of tree peonies(牡丹). 又如:the tremendous variety of the themes。根据上下文,前文谈到世界各地所用的语法及词汇基本相同,各地之间的差异就应该很小,此处差异即为选项A. variation。选项B. standardization(标准化),与下文的搭配不当;选项C. unification表示“联合,统一”,不合题意。如:The traffic laws of the different states need unification. 选项D. transformation表示“转变”,原指形式的改变,引申为性质、特点的改变。如:the social and political transformation of a country。用在语言学里,指句子结构的转换,与题意不符。

13. C. so that

此题属于语法题。so that相当于连词,连接结果状语从句。根据句子意思,前半句讲地区差异很少,下半句讲新加坡、南非等地的英语差别不大,是前半句的结果,故选项C. so that正确。选项A. while可用作表并列关系的连词。如:You can go swimming while I'm having lunch. 选项B. but为转折连词;选项D. nevertheless表示“然而”,修饰表转折的状语从句。如:He was very tired;nevertheless, he kept working.

14. D. little

此题属于语意搭配题。此题需填一个表示差别大小的副词。根据上下文意思:语言变体的差别很小,故选项D. little正确。其他选项均不符合题意。

15. A. concerned

此题属于词语搭配题。as/so far as...be concerned为固定搭配,表示“就……而言”。如:As far as I am concerned, I cannot object to your decision. 故选项A. concerned正确。选项B. concluded表示“总结”,不符合题意;选项C. mentioned意为“提到”。如:He casually mentioned that he was leaving his job. 选项D. involved表示“涉及,卷入,牵涉”,常与in/with搭配。如:The four men were all involved in organizing and carrying out the murders. 又如:Winning the game involves both skill and fortune.

16. B. pressure

此题属于词语搭配题。exert pressure on表示“施加压力”。根据句子意思:标准英语如此强大,以至于对所有地方英语产生了极大的影响,亦即施加压力;另外下文也复现了pressure一词,故选项B. pressure正确。其他选项:A. strength“力量”,C. power“力量;权力”和D. force“力量”,均不符合题意。

17. A. established

此题属于词义辨析题。选项含义差别较大,要求把握好上下文逻辑关系。文中提及许多使用很久的方言失去了很大一部分活力,故选项A. established正确。选项B. weakened“减弱的”,C. restored“恢复的”与句意不符合;选项D. eliminated表示“被淘汰的”。如:The team was eliminated.

18. C. standardized

此题属于语意搭配题。根据上下文意思可知,此处是在表达那些使用很久的方言(有特点的地方性语言)失去了很大一部分活力,并面临着被标准化的压力,故选项C. standardized“标准化”正确。选项A. abandoned表示“被遗弃,放弃”。如:The village had already been abandoned. 又如:abandon one's attempt to do sth.(放弃做……);选项B. changed意为“改变”;选项D. reformed表示“变革”,有变化之意,但用在此处不够准确。

19. C. unique

此题属于词义辨析题。选项A. unusual意为“不寻常的,不常见的”。如:He was an unusual man with great business talents. 选项B. particular意为“特别的,特殊的”。如:We aren't able to cater for your particular needs. 选项D. typical意为“典型的,特有的”。如:The question is small but typical. 选项C.(be)unique(to)表示“仅与一个人或一个群体或一件事有关”。如:None of these social problems is unique to this country.只有选项C符合题意。

20. B. under way

此题属于语意搭配题。under way表示“在进行中”。如:We have several projects under way. 原文是指标准化进程在实行的过程中,故选项B. under way正确。选项A. in the way表示“挡道的;妨碍人的”。如:If you're going to help, at least don't get in the way. 选项C. out of the way表示“不挡道的;得到解决的”。如:While the fight was going on, he tried to keep out of the way. 选项D. all the way表示“一直地,完全地”。

译文

标准英语是多样性的,它通常应用于印刷品中,并且在学校中被正规地教授给学生以及母语为非英语的人。它也是一般受过教育的人以及新闻广播或相似情形下使用的英语。应该指出的是,标准英语与非标准英语的差异在原理上与正式语言和口头语言的差别二者之间是没有关系的。标准英语既有正式语言也有口语。

在历史上,标准英语的多样性建立在伦敦方言的基础上,而伦敦方言是在诺曼征服后,王室由温彻斯特迁往伦敦后形成的。这种方言开始受到教育者的青睐,作为一种模式和标准逐渐发展和推广,在社会中的运用越来越广泛。同样的标准还被传输到了国外,但是在输出过程中受到了影响。今天,标准英语已经发展到这样的程度,世界各地的英语应用中语法和词汇基本相同。英语的差异在地区标准中是非常小的。比如在新加坡、南非和爱尔兰,在语法和词汇涉及的方面,彼此之间真正的区域差别很小。实际上,标准英语的影响如此之大,以至于对所有地方英语产生了极大的影响,那些使用很久的方言失去了很大一部分活力,并面临着被标准化的压力。后面的这种情况不仅针对英语,也同样出现在其他国家的标准化过程中。但是有些时候这会给那些试图取得地方标准、国家标准甚至国际标准折中的讲话者带来一些问题。





Cloze 8


Even plants can run a fever, especially when they are under attack by insects or disease. But  1  humans, plants can have their temperature  2  from 3,000 feet away—straight up. A decade ago,  3  the infrared scanning technology developed for military purpose and other satellites, physicist Stephen Paley  4  a quick way to take the temperature of crops to  5  which ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmers  6  target pesticide spraying  7  rain poison on a whole field, which  8  include plants that don't have the pest problem.

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