A. as
B. how
C. which
D. what【答案】D【解析】句意：水将依然保持仅次于氧气的重要地位。what在名词性从句（包括主
语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）中作成分，可以做主语、表语、宾语、同位语。which只能引导定语从句。
23．Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _____ the atmosphere.
A. and so is
B. as it is
C. so is
D. the same as【答案】C【解析】句意：就如土壤是地球的一部分一样,大气也是地球的一部分。so+谓语动
词+主语，表示 ……也是这样的，表示与前者情况相同。如：He is a student. So isshe.他是一名学生。她也是。
24．Well, children, _____ the count of three, I’d like you all to stand up.
A. at
B. by
C. on
D. with【答案】C【解析】句意：好了，孩子们，我数到三，你们都站起来。on the count of three
数到三，数三下。
25．Even though the two sisters seemed to care deeply for each other, they cannot be together long _____ they began to wrangle.
A. after
B. before
C. since
D. when【答案】B【解析】句意：虽然这两姐妹相互关心，可是她们在一起的时候过不了多久就会吵
架。wrangle争吵。
26．How many of us _____ say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?
A. attended
B. attending
C. have attended
D. to attend【答案】B【解析】句意：参加一个与我们无关的会议，有多少人会对它感兴趣？本句已经有
谓语would be，因此此处需要填的是非谓语动词，attend与其逻辑主语how many ofus是主动关系，因此用现在分词形式。
27．Dr. Smith can hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his argument in favor of the new theory.
A. on which to base
B. to base on which
C. which to base on
D. which to be based on【答案】A【解析】句意：教授很难找到足够的理由来支持他的新理论。定语从句中，介词必须放在引导词前面，因此on必须放在which之前，故C、D排除。base argument ongrounds将观点基于理由之上，观点以理由为基础。因此base要放在argument之前，故B项错误。
28．Some historians believe that John Jay could have played _____ in America’s history as James Madison.
A. as an important role
B. as important a role
C. an important role as
D. a role as important【答案】B【解析】句意：一些历史学家认为约翰 ·杰伊在美国历史中的重要作用与詹姆士·麦
迪逊相同。as...as结构表示 “与……一样”时，名词与形容词排序应遵照 “as+形容词/副词+名词+as ”结构。
29．She will be 21 _____.
A. come May
B. when May is coming
C. if May will come
D. that May comes【答案】A【解析】句意：五月到了以后她就21岁了。最准确的表达方式应该是 “She will be
21 coming May.”如果不用coming，可以用come。故选A。
30．The doctor insisted Jack _____.
A. not work too hard for three months
B. relaxing for three months
C. takes it easy for three months
D. to take some vocations for three months【答案】A【解析】句意：医生坚持要杰克这三个月不要太拼命工作。insist表示坚决主张，
坚持要求时，后面的从句要用虚拟语气，即should+动词原形，should可以省略。因此选A项。
Part II. Reading Comprehension [40 points]
Section A: Multiple-Choice Questions [20 points]
Directions: In this section there are two reading passages, with each passage followed by FIVE multiple-choice questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose ONE answer that best answers the question or completes the statement. Then write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Passage ONE
Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points—periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one’s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.
Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions "What happened?" and "How did it happen?" have given way to the question. "Why did it happen?" Prominent among the methods used to answer the question "Why" is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.
Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its "facts" not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, out from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the "deepest" explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.
Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its oven, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.
31．Which of the following best states the main point of the text?
A. The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.
B. Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.
C. Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.
D. The psychological assessment of an individual’s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.
32．The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?
A. The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.
B. Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.
C. Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic diagram.
D. Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure.
33．The author of the text suggests that psychohistorians view history primarily as _____.
A. a report of events, causes, and effects that is generally accepted by historians but which is, for the most part, unverifiable
B. an episodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood, work, and leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare
C. an uncharted sea of seemingly unexplainable events that have meaning only when examined as discrete units
D. a record the way in which a closed set of immutable psychological laws seems to have shaped events
34．The author of the text puts the word "deepest" in quotation marks most probably in order to _____.
A. signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians’ claims for their work
B. draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians’ method
C. emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians’ method and that of psychohistorians
D. disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians’ claims from her opinion of their method
35．In presenting her analysis, the author does all of the following EXCEPT _____.
A. make general statements without reference to specific examples
B. describe some of the criteria employed by traditional historians
C. question the adequacy of the psychohistorians’ interpretation of events
D. point-out inconsistencies in the psychohistorians’ application
of their methods【答案与解析】
31．
A从第二段开始出现全文的主要内容，第二段的最后一句出现了全文所谈论的中心“psychohistory”，在第二段中谈到了“psychohistory”的流行性，在第三段和第四段中作者谈到了心理历史学家在研究历史时存在的问题。

32．
C由最后一段最后一句Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in allcircumstances.可知，心理历史学把过去和现在的所有事件总结为单一的决定论模式中，认为这个模式在任何时间和任何条件下都是适用的。

33．
D由第三段第五句Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, out from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human naturethat transcends history.可知，心理历史学家对历史人物进行心理分析，从超越历史的人类本性的角度来推导他们的理论。