人大考博英语英译汉专项练习（1-6，含详解）

专项练习1
Top colleges and universities are rushing into online education, but the big news is the proliferation of a new breed of for-profit online institutions bringing Internet education to the masses. “The Internet will probably be the single most democratizing force in education,” says Columbia Business School Dean Meyer Feldberg, who envisions educational programs being routed through the Net to hundreds of millions of people. The largest online institution is the University of Phoenix (http://onl.uophx.edu/), with some 6, 000 students today and hopes of reaching 200, 000 students in 10 years. The University offers bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees in business management, technology, education and nursing. The institution boasts that if you’re a student “you can earn your degree via the Internet whenever and wherever you want.” The University notes that its degree programs cost far less and may take some students far less time to complete. On the other hand, a Business Week survey of 247 companies found that only a handful would consider hiring applicants who earned their MBA degrees online. Whether that will change as for-profit online universities improve their offerings—and graduates prove their worth—is anyone’s guess.
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    目前一些顶尖高等院校正仓促进行在线教育，但是传出的一条重要消息却是一种新的旨在盈利的在线机构的激增，这些机构正在把因特网网上教育带给广大民众。“因特网或许会是进入教育领域的惟一的最民主化的力量，”哥伦比亚商业学校教务长Meyer Feldberg说。他设想通过教育节目的网络来连接亿万民众。最大的在线的教育机构是凤凰大学( http://onl.uophx.edu/ ), 它目前拥有大约6000名学生，并且10年内学生总数有望达到200000人。该大学向学生授予商务管理、技术、教育及护理学等专业的学士、硕士和博士学位。学校夸口说，如果你是一个学生，“无论何时何地只要你需要，都可以通过因特网来获取学位”。学校特别提到，它的学位课程费用要比一般大学少得多，而且可以让一些学生花较少的时间就完成大学学业。另一方面，一份《商务周刊》的调查发现在247家公司中，只有少数几家会考虑雇佣获得网上商务管理硕士学位的求职者。这种情况是否会随着盈利性在线大学教学条件的改善而改变——毕业生是否能证明他们自身的价值——这一切都还是一个未知数。

专项练习2
What makes Silicon Valley such a unique entity? There are several crucial factors. First and foremost, it has the largest concentration of brilliant computer professionals and the best supporting services in the world, and easy access to world-class research institutions, like Stanford University, which continually nurtures would be geniuses which the industry needs in order to move forward. Without these advantages, the Valley would be a different place. Secondly, it actively encourages, or even exalts, risk-taking. Hence, failure holds no terror and there is no stigma attached to a failed effort. On the contrary, they will try even harder next time round. A third decisive factor is the vital role of venture capitalists who willingly support promising start-ups with urgently needed initial capital to get them started. Some would even give failed entrepreneurs a second chance if convinced that a flesh concept might lead to eventual success. Of equal importance, many bright young people and middle level professionals are keen to work for a new venture at substantially reduced remuneration, as it offers more scope for entrepreneurship and job satisfaction than the established companies.
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    美国硅谷与众不同，究竟秘诀何在呢?这里面有若干至关重要的因素。首先，硅谷有着世界最大、最密集的优秀电脑专才群体、最佳的后援服务体系，并紧密联系着斯坦福大学等世界一流的研究机构，而后者正源源不断地培育出电脑业赖以发展的明日天才。若缺少这些有利条件，硅谷的面貌便会大不一样。其次，硅谷大力提倡、甚至鼓吹颂扬冒险精神。因此失败并不可怕，尝试失败者也无人耻笑。失败者反而会重整旗鼓、倍加努力。第三，创业投资家也起了重大作用，他们乐于支持前途看好的新创企业，投入其急需的创业资本以助其起步。甚至对失败的企业，只要认定其概念新颖，最终有可能成功，有的投资家也会给予第二次机会。同样重要的是，许多有为青年和中层专才并不热衷任职于老字号公司，他们不计薪酬多寡，宁愿为新创的企业效力，因为新生企业有更广阔的开拓前景，从工作中所获得的满足感也更大。

专项练习3
Do you see the glass as half-full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these cliches are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking. A fast-growing body of research—104 studies so far, involving some 15000 people—is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. “If we could teach people to think more positively,” says psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University in Houston, “it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills.” “Your abilities count.” explains psychologist Michael F Scheier of Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, “ but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will.” In part, that’s because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways.
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你看到的杯子是半满而不是半空的吧?你看炸面圈时，眼睛是盯着面圈，而不是中间的孔吧?当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈辞滥调突然之间都成了科学问题。迅速增长的大量研究工作(迄今为止已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15000人)证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导致失望、疾病以及失败，并且悲观与沮丧、孤独、令人烦恼的腼腆密切相关。位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格•A•安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。”“你的能力固然重要，”匹兹堡的卡内基一梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔•F•沙伊尔说，“但你能够成功这样一种信念会影响到你是否真的能成功。”从某种程度上讲，这是因为乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待相同的挑战和失望。

专项练习4
The China boom is by now a well documented phenomenon. Who hasn’t heard of the Middle Kingdom’s astounding economic growth (8 percent annually), its mesmerizing consumer market (1.2 billion people), the investment ardor of foreign suitors ($ 40 billion in foreign direct investment last year alone)? China is an economic juggernaut. According to Nicholas Lardy of the Brookings Institution, a Washington D.C.-based think tank, “No country has expanded its foreign trade as fast as China over the last 20 years. Japan doubled its foreign trade over a 20-year period；China’s foreign trade as quintupled. They’ve become the preeminent producer of labor-intensive manufacturing goods in the world.” But there’s been something missing from the dazzling China growth story—namely, the Chinese multinational. No major Chinese companies have yet established themselves, or their brands, on the global stage. But as Haier shows, that is starting to change. After 100 years of poverty and chaos, of being overshadowed by foreign countries and multinationals, Chinese industrial companies are starting to make a mark on the world.
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如今中国的经济繁荣已经是一种得到充分证实的现象了。难道还有谁还没有听说过中国令人惊骇的经济增长速度(年增长率高达8%)、颇具魅力的消费市场(拥有12亿消费者)和外国投资者的投资热情(仅去年一年的外国直接投资就高达400亿美元)吗?中国的经济力量已经势不可挡。华盛顿一家智囊机构布鲁金斯学会的尼古拉斯•拉迪说：“在过去20年中，世界上没有任何一个国家的外贸发展速度像中国那么快。日本用了20多年时间才将其外贸总额翻了一番，而中国却翻了5倍。他们已经成为世界上劳动密集型产品的主要生产商了。”不过，在这个令人目眩的中国发展故事中似乎缺少了一种什么东西，即中国跨国公司所扮演的角色。中国还没有一家大型公司在全球舞台上确立了自己的地位或品牌。但是，正如海尔公司所显示的那样，这种情况正在开始发生变化。经受了长达100年的贫穷、动乱以及长期笼罩在外国及其跨国公司的阴影下之后，中国工业公司开始对世界产生影响了。

专项练习5
In his latest book, Lee Kuan Yew fearlessly expresses his ideas, seeking “to be correct, not politically correct.” Lee also recounts his impressions of nations, leaders and historic events. In acerbic Lee Kuan Yew style, he describes Margaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan, China’s poetry-quoting Jiang Zemin, the late Mao Zedong, the incorruptible Zhu Rongji to the bold reformer Deng Xiaoping (whom he remembers as “a five-footer but a giant among men”). Among the most interesting parts of the book were Lee Kuan Yew’s references to the Philippines and his sadness that our talented nation could suffer so many socio-political and economic troubles. An anecdote recounts the l985 official trip to Washington. DC where State Secretary George Shultz asked Lee to convince President Ronald Reagan that his old friend Ferdinand Marcos was then the problem of the Philippines, not the solution. During the uprising the following year 1986, when the U.S. government asked Lee’s opinions, he said America should not accept a fraudulent election, and put pressure on Marcos to call new elections.
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在他最近出版的一本书中，李光耀无畏地表达了他的想法，即力争做到“凡事正确，但不是政治上正确”。李还在书中讲述了一些国家，一些领导人，一些历史事件给他留下的印象。他以自己独特的方式，描述了撒切尔夫人、里根、喜欢引用诗句的中国国家主席江泽民、已故中共领袖毛泽东、正直廉洁的朱镕基和勇于改革的邓小平(在李光耀的记忆中，尽管“邓只有五英尺高，却是人中之杰”)。在李光耀的回忆录中，最令人感兴趣的章节是关于菲律宾的问题。菲律宾拥有许多人才，却总是社会、政治和经济问题不断，他对此感到十分惋惜。李光耀叙述他在1985年到华盛顿作正式访问时，当时的美国国务卿舒尔茨要求他说服里根总统，告诉总统他的老朋友马科斯是菲律宾问题的症结所在，而不是解决问题的关键。1986年菲律宾人民起义发生后，美国政府征求李光耀的意见。李光耀认为美国不应该接受一个出现舞弊的选举，应该向马科斯施加压力，要他重新举行选举。