13. A. established

此题属于近义词辨析题。本句应表达的意思是：大学贷款是为了给应得助学贷款的学生提供贷款而创办的。选项A. established表示“建立；创办”。如：The UN has established detailed criteria for who should be allowed to vote. 故选项A. established正确。选项B. generated表示“产生，生成”；选项C. fabricated表示“制造，伪造”；选项D. integrated表示“使完整，整合”，均不合文意。

14. B. providing

此题属于近义词辨析题。根据文意，助学贷款设立的目的就是为应得助学贷款的学生提供贷款。providing表示“提供，供给”，符合原文意思，故正确答案为B. providing。选项A. funding表示“资助”，不与loan连用。如：The Bush Foundation has funded a variety of faculty development programs. 选项C. supporting表示“支持，支撑”。如：The president gave his full support to the reforms. 选项D. borrowing表示“借”，不符合英语表述。

15. A. working

此题属于语意搭配题。下文提到part-time job，这是第三个经济来源，也就是勤工俭学，即work one's way，故选A. working。选项B. wandering意为“漫步”；选项C. finding意为“发现”，find one's way意为“找到路，到达”；选项D. walking意为“散步”，这三个选项都不符题意。

16. D. involve

此题属于动词词义辨析题。本句应表达的意思是：工作包括校外的兼职。选项D. involve表示“包括，包含”，符合原文意思，故选项D. involve正确。选项A. cooperate意为“合作”；选项C. satisfy意为“满意”；选项B. associate意为“使联合”，在语意上均讲不通。

17. C. assisting

此题属于语意搭配题。兼职可以是帮助教授做些实验室的工作，所以选项C. assisting“帮助”是正确答案。选项A. dealing和选项B. coping均意为“处理”，都是不及物动词，后面都跟介词with。选项D. handling“处理”是及物动词，但要求宾语是物。如：to handle the letters.

18. A. routine

此题属于语意搭配题。观察四个选项，只有选项A可与office搭配使用，routine意为“例行程序，日常事务”。如：daily routine；又如：to follow one's routine。故A是正确答案。选项B. ritual意为“（日常的仪式般的）惯例”。如：the bedtime ritual of washing and brushing one's teeth；选项C. practice作名词时，意为“习惯，惯例”。如：the practice of taking a bath in the morning；选项D. custom意为“风俗”。如：So many countries, so many customs.（十里不同风，百里不同俗。）

19. C. services

此题属于语意搭配题。此处空格后有个定语which the student body requires（学生团体需要的），下文列举了一些具体的服务项目，因此选项C. services（服务）最贴切，故选C。选项A. jobs和选项B. work都意为“工作”；选项D. profession意为“职业”。

20. D. the like

此题属于习惯用法题。and the like是习惯用法，意为“……等等”。如：He is interested in insects, such as bees, beetles and the like. 根据句意此处应意为“类似之事，等等”，故选项D是正确答案。其余选项都没有这种用法。

译文

在毕业之后想要继续攻读学业的高中毕业生常常会面临很多大学教育学费的问题。大学教育的免费教育水平不如中小学教育那样普及。大学教育往往要收学费。此外，对于大多数学生而言，上大学意味着要离开家生活，而这是一件昂贵的事情。

那么，对于想在高中毕业后继续深造的学生而言，应该怎样才能依靠自己来筹措学费呢？有几种可能的解决办法。有时可以获得奖学金，奖学金的颁发通常是以高分为依据的，因此在高中时期每天认真学习非常重要，因为它决定了通过奖学金这个方式来获得学费资助的可能性。另一种资助来源是助学贷款。助学贷款设立的目的就是为应得助学贷款的学生提供贷款。第三种办法是勤工俭学，其中包括在校外找兼职。有时，兼职可以是帮助教授做些实验室的工作，在图书馆工作，或者处理办公室日常事务；有时也可以提供一些学生团体需要的服务，比如帮忙做好餐宴的准备工作和服务，或者是在学校商店中工作，等等。





Cloze 10


Public relations practitioners wanting to behave in an ethical manner frequently believe they are caught between the proverbial“rock and a hard place”.The 　1　 are many. How, for example, can the practitioner ethically 　2　 both management and the public interest?How should the practitioner respond when a journalist 　3　 him/her of not releasing complete information at the same time management believes that the very request goes well 　4　 that which the public/journalist has a 　5　 to know?How should the practitioner 　6　 to employees during those times when management/employee interests 　7　 to be in conflict?

Serving and responding to publics with conflicting interests, 　8　, seems inherent to much of 　9　 it is that contemporary public relations people do. Ethicist Michael Bayles 　10　 that“conflicts between obligations to clients and to others are central to professional ethics”.He asserts that 　11　 a number of reasons discussions of problems 　12　 out of these conflicts often appear to 　13　 society's interests to those of individual clients. Many discussions are written by professionals who have been trained to put clients'　14　 first and whose arguments tend to reflect that 　15　.

Interestingly, the practitioner might find some assistance from an old friend of those 　16　 to make ethical choices—the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle would 　17　 against extreme positions which appear to suggest that the practitioner's role in 　18　 to serving client/management interests must be placed in an either/or 　19　.For Aristotle, the ethical practitioner must serve both by striving to arrive at the means between the 　20　 of excess and defect of action.

1. A. dilemmas

B. complexities

C. ambiguities

D. alternatives

2. A. negotiate

B. represent

C. anticipate

D. stimulate

3. A. charge

B. criticize

C. accuse

D. reproach

4. A. below

B. before

C. beneath

D. beyond

5. A. power

B. force

C. privilege

D. right

6. A. announce

B. return

C. respond

D. answer

7. A. indicate

B. appear

C. pretend

D. present

8. A. in fact

B. however

C. for instance

D. moreover

9. A. what

B. where

C. when

D. why

10. A. initiates

B. contends

C. testifies

D. manifests

11. A. for

B. by

C. in

D. with

12. A. amounting

B. arising

C. originating

D. elevating

13. A. deteriorate

B. attribute

C. sacrifice

D. undermine

14. A. benefits

B. fortunes

C. careers

D. interests

15. A. overview

B. inspiration

C. perspective

D. speculation

16. A. managing

B. fighting

C. striking

D. struggling

17. A. protest

B. caution

C. object

D. oppose

18. A. regard

B. order

C. position

D. view

19. A. contrast

B. content

C. contest

D. context

20. A. all

B. end

C. extremes

D. terminal

[文章大意]本文讲述了现在公关工作者所处的进退两难的境地——企业与客户的利益，他们该顾哪一方？极端的做法是为个人利益牺牲社会利益，这就是所谓的“顾客至上”。作者显然对这种做法持反对意见，而支持迈克尔·贝勒斯的意见。他认为亚里士多德是我们学习的榜样，应该兼顾双方的利益。


试题透析


1. A. dilemmas

此题属于语意搭配题。根据上文rock and a hard place及下文所举的例子可推断出：公关工作者处于两难境地。选项A. dilemmas意为“困难，两难窘境”，是正确答案。选项B. complexities意为“错综复杂；并发症”；选项C. ambiguities意为“模棱两可”；选项D. alternatives意为“选择对象；替代物”。

2. B. represent

此题属于语意搭配题。选项B. represent意为“象征，代表；表现”。如：A dove represents peace. 又如：He represented our school. 公关工作者的任务是沟通企业内外，应代表企业和公众两方面的利益，故选项B是正确答案。选项A. negotiate意为“谈判”。如：We negotiated with the store about the compensation. 选项C. anticipate意为“预期，预感”。如：I anticipate seeing you soon. 选项D. stimulate意为“刺激”。如：This kind of exercise will stimulate your brains.

3. C. accuse

此题属于词语搭配题。选项C. accuse意为“指控”，用法为accuse sb. of sth.。如：He was accused of murder. 只有该选项能与后面的介词of连用，所以是正确答案。选项A. charge与选项C. accuse同义，也意为“指控”，但其用法为charge sb. with sth.。如：He was charged with murder. 选项B. criticize“批评”用法为criticize sb. for sth.。如：The teacher is always criticizing her for being late for school. 选项D. reproach“谴责，指责”用法为reproach sb. for/with sth.。如：Father reproached me for my laziness.

4. D. beyond

此题属于词语搭配题。动词go常与介词beyond连用，意为“超过，超越”。如：The problem goes beyond my understanding. 副词well在此处表示程度，意为“大大地”。其余选项：A. below和C. beneath都表示“在下面”；B. before表示“以前，过去”。

5. D. right

此题属于近义词辨析题。此处要表达的意思是“公众/记者有权了解某些信息”。选项D. right意为“proper claim to sth., or authority to do sth. （权利）”。如：the right of receiving education，故选项D是正确答案。选项A. power意指“力量；能力；权力”，侧重于力量和影响；选项B. force意为“力量；势力”；选项C. privilege意为“特权”，三者均不符合原句意思。

6. C. respond

此题属于近义词辨析题。选项C. respond表示“回应，做出回答”，后可接介词to。如：He will respond to that, not me. 根据文中意思，当管理层和雇员的利益相互冲突时，公共关系工作者应该如何回应雇员？故选项C. respond为正确答案。选项A. announce表示“宣布”。如：We dashed off a letter to announce the news. 选项B. return表示“回归，返回”；选项D. answer表示“回答”。

7. B. appear

此题属于语意搭配题。选项A. indicate表示“表明；预示”。如：The clouds indicate the coming of rain. 选项B. appear表示“显得，似乎”。文中意思是，当管理层和雇员的利益似乎出现冲突时，故选项B. appear为正确答案。选项C. pretend表示“假装，伪装”。如：Don't pretend to understand when you don't. 选项D. present表示“出现”。如：Their colleagues insulted them whenever the opportunity presented itself.

8. A. in fact

此题属于语篇连接题。上文讲公关工作者要代表管理层和公众两方面的利益，本句讲他们要与公众打交道，语意上没有转折，也没有换角度，更不是举例说明，因此可排除选项B. however、选项C. for instance和选项D. moreover。选项A. in fact意为“事实上”，可用于强调，表示进一步说明，是正确答案。

9. A. what

此题属于语法题。本句很长，介词of后面是宾语从句，而且是一个强调句型，若把表示强调的it is...that结构去掉，就不难发现这个从句中缺少的是动词do的宾语，因此答案是选项A. what。其余选项在语法上都讲不通。

10. B. contends

此题属于语意搭配题。选项B. contends意为“坚决认为”。如：Some astronomers contend that the universe may be younger than previously believed. 原句说明Bayles的观点，因此B是正确选项。选项A. initiates意为“发动；开始”。如：to initiate a reform；选项C. testifies意为“证实，证明”。如：The teacher testified that the girl had the ability to do that job. 选项D. manifests作动词时，意为“证明，表明”。如：manifest one's disapproval。

11. A. for

此题属于词语搭配题。介词for常与reason搭配使用。如：For some reason, the tower has been closed. 其余选项都不符合题意。

12. B. arising

此题属于语意搭配题。选项B. arising意为“产生”，arise out of sth.或arise from sth.意为“因某事物而产生、造成”，因此B是正确答案。选项A. amounting常与to搭配，意为“合计，总共达”。如：His debts amount to over 5,000 dollars. 选项C. originating常与from或with搭配，意为“起源于”。如：The new style of dancing originated from that island. 选项D. elevating意为“抬高；使……激昂；提升”。如：Reading good books elevates your mind.

13. C. sacrifice

此题属于语意搭配题。选项C. sacrifice意为“牺牲；供奉”，作动词时可用于sacrifice A to B结构中，意为“为B牺牲A”。如：You should not sacrifice your health to your career. 原文此处讲到社会利益和个人利益之间的关系，因此C符合文意。选项A. deteriorate意为“恶化，变坏”。如：deteriorating surroundings。选项B. attribute通常的结构是attribute A to B，意为“把A归因于B”。如：His good health is attributed to moderate exercise. 选项D. undermine意为“暗中破坏，削弱……的基础”。

14. D. interests

此题属于词义辨析题。选项D. interests除了有“兴趣，爱好”的意思外，还有“利益”的意思，多用复数形式。如：The West has interests in promoting democratic forces in Eastern Europe. 文中提及顾客的利益，故选项D. interests正确。选项A. benefits表示“收益，好处”；B. fortunes表示“财富”；C. careers表示“事业，生涯”。

15. C. perspective

此题属于语意搭配题。选项C. perspective意为“透视图；观点，看法”。如：historical perspective。从原句中的指示代词that可以推断出这里是指上文所提到的专业人士的看法，故选C。选项A. overview意为“概述，概论”。如：an overview of the issues；选项B. inspiration意为“灵感；激励”。如：The musician drew inspiration from natural scenery. 选项D. speculation意为“深思；推测”。如：speculation on the purpose of life.

16. D. struggling

此题属于语意搭配题。选项D. struggling（to do sth.）意为“努力（去做某事）”。如：He has been struggling to succeed in his business. 选项D合乎文意，是正确答案。选项A. managing（to do）意为“设法（做到了……）”。如：Did you manage to pass the exam?选项B. fighting意为“打架；作战”；选项C. striking意为“打击；打动”。

17. B. caution

此题属于语意搭配题。本句提到了亚里士多德的观点。选项B. caution作动词时，可与介词against搭配，意为“警告（某人）不要做……”。如：I cautioned against speeding. 故选项B符合文意，为正确答案。选项A. protest意为“抗议”，不合文意；选项C. object常与to连用，意为“反对”。如：She objected to going to the cinema. 选项D. oppose也意为“反对”，是及物动词，用法为oppose sth.或oppose doing sth.。

18. A. regard

此题属于词语搭配题。in regard to sth./doing sth. 是固定短语，意为“关于”。如：I have something to say in regard to this problem. 因此本题选择选项A. regard。选项B.（in）order（to）后面接不定式作目的状语，意为“为了，出于……目的”；选项C. position“地位”和选项D. view“观点；景色”都不能用于in______to doing的结构中。

19. D. context

此题属于形近词辨析题。选项D. context意为“上下文；背景；环境”，be placed in an either/or context意为“置于非此即彼的环境中”，原文意指只能偏向一方。选项A. contrast“对比”、选项B. content“内容”和选项C. contest“竞赛”均不符合文意。

20. C. extremes

此题属于语意搭配题。接着上文中提到的亚里士多德的劝诫，公关工作者当然要兼顾两者的利益，在两个极端之间需求平衡点。选项A. all表示“全部的”；选项B. end表示“结束，尽头”；选项D. terminal表示“末端，终点”，都不符合文意。只有选项C. extremes从整篇文章的理解上来看符合题意，故选项C. extremes为正确答案。

译文

那些想要在行事方式上合乎道德标准的公关工作者经常处于所谓的两难境地。这样的窘境非常多。例如，公关工作者如何能在道德上同时代表管理层和公众的利益？当记者指责他/她没有公布完整的信息，同时管理层又认为这样的要求远远超出了公众/记者有权知情的范围时，公关工作者应该如何回应？当管理层和雇员的利益似乎相互冲突时，公关工作者在这期间又应该如何回应雇员呢？

实际上，为利益有冲突的公众服务和对他们做出回应似乎是当代公共关系工作者的大部分工作。伦理学家迈克尔·贝勒斯坚决认为顾客的义务与其他人的义务之间的冲突是职业道德应围绕的中心。他断言：由于很多原因，关于因这些冲突而产生的问题的议论经常为个别客户的利益而牺牲社会利益。很多议论被那些接受过把客户利益放在首位的训练的专家记下，而他们的观点倾向于反映这种看法。

有趣的是，公关工作者或许能从那些正在努力做出道德抉择的人的老朋友——希腊哲学家亚里士多德——那里得到一些帮助。亚里士多德会奉劝不要有极端的观点，该观点似乎表明那些为客户和管理层的利益服务的工作者的作用肯定是非此即彼地偏向一方。对亚里士多德来说，道德实践者要兼顾两者的利益，努力在行动过度和行动不足的极端之间达到一个平衡点。





Cloze 11


What's your earliest childhood memory?Can you remember learning to walk?Or talk?The first time you heard thunder or watched a television program?Adults seldom 　1　 events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, 　2　 children younger than three or four 　3　 retain any specific, persona l experiences.

A variety of explanation shave been 　4　 by psychologists forth is“childhood amnesia”.One argues that the hippo-campus, the region of the brain which is 　5　 for forming memories, does not mature until about the age of two. But the most popular theory 　6　 that, since adults don't think like children, they cannot 　7　 childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or 　8　 —one event follows another as in a novel or film. But when they 　9　 through their mental files for early childhood 　10　 to add to this verbal life story, they don't find any that fit the 　11　.It's like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary.

Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new 　12　 for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply aren't any early childhood memories to recall. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use someone else's spoken 　13　 of their personal 　14　 in order to turn their own short-term, quickly forgotten 　15　 of them into long-term memories. In other 　16　, children have to talk about their experiences and 　17　 others talk about them—Mother talking about the afternoon 　18　 looking for seashells at the beach or Dad

asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this 　19　 reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form 　20　 memories of their personal experiences.

1. A. figure

B. interpret

C. recall

D. affirm

2. A. now that

B. even if

C. as though

D. just as

3. A. largely

B. rarely

C. merely

D. really