一、本章学习思路

本章对名词从句的讲解完全是一种全新的思维，即名词从句可简单地概括为这样一句话：名词从句就是用三种句子来分别充当另外一个句子的四种句子成分。这里的三种句子是：陈述句、一般疑问句以及特殊疑问句；四种成分是：主语、宾语、表语和同位语。抓住了这一本质，名词从句的其他所有问题便能迎刃而解。

二、本章重点及难点

重点是掌握三种句子如何进行结构变化之后来作成分。具体如下：

1．用陈述句作成分时，需要在句首加that；

2．用一般疑问句作成分时，需要先将疑问句转换成正常语序，然后在句首加上whether或if（只用在宾语从句中），以保留原句的疑问意义；

3．用特殊疑问句作成分时，只需要将疑问句转换成正常语序。

三、本章学习时间安排

名词从句是三大从句中难度最小的，读者可以用三天时间来学习本章讲解的内容，并做完所有的练习。



* * *



综合练习

请选择最佳答案填空。

1．No one knows exactly______.

A．how did speech begin

B．how speech began

C．how the beginning of speech

D．of how beginning speech

2．It is obvious______on more important things.

A．which the money should we spend

B．what the money should we spend

C．that the money should we spend

D．that we should spend the money

3．_______hard water does not mix well with soap.

A．That is a well-known fact

B．That is a well-known fact in which

C．It is a well-known fact that

D．It is a well-known that

4．________every magnet is surrounded by a magnetic field.

A．It believes that

B．It believed that

C．It is believed that

D．It's believing that

5．________was to return to school.

A．That really interested him

B．What really interested him

C．Which really interested him

D．That interested him really

6．Stopping pouring polluted water into the river is_______the factory has to solve at present.

A．what

B．that

C．which

D．why

7．____the mass of the nucleus is slightly less than the total mass of the protons and neutrons which made up the nucleus.

A．It found that

B．It was found that

C．It was found for

D．It finds that

8．He wondered_____.

A．what will be his wife's reaction

B．what would his wife's reaction be

C．how would be his wife's reaction

D．what his wife's reaction would be

9．He asked me_______I intended to do after my graduation.

A．that what

B．what

C．that

D．which

10．Listening carefully to_____in class means less work later.

A．what does the teacher say

B．what the teacher says

C．that the teacher says

D．which the teacher says

11．After the accident, I opened my eyes slowly and realized_______I was still alive.

A．that

B．whether

C．what

D．which

12．John didn't say_______he would return, but I presume he'll be back for dinner.

A．that when

B．when

C．if or not

D．where

13．He works too hard. That is_______is wrong with him.

A．that which

B．that what

C．what

D．the thing what

14．________to space travelers is high acceleration or deceleration forces.

A．Danger can be

B．What can be dangerous

C．They can be dangerous

D．While danger

15．According to some educators, the goal of teaching is to help students learn what_______to know to live a well-adjusted and successful life.

A．do they need

B．they need

C．they are needed

D．as they may need

16．_________the trainer wanted to tell is_________Asian elephants are easier to tame than African ones.

A．That, those

B．What, that

C．What, the

D．That, the

17．________the London Zoo will adopt as a measurement at the critical moment is to try all ways preserving the animals in the zoo.

A．That

B．What

C．It's

D．Whether

18．The problem now is_______we can adopt to overcome the difficulties in shortage of funds.

A．what measure

B．that measure

C．measure that

D．measure which

19．The mountain was________many animals, such as wolves, badges and rabbits once haunted but now it is so silent.

A．that place

B．where

C．what

D．then

20．The reason we're so late is_______.

A．because of the car breaking down

B．due the care broke down

C．that the car broke down

D．because the car broke down

21．The question is_______can be put into practice.

A．how you have learned

B．how that you have learned

C．that why you have learned

D．how what you have learned

22．There are signs_______restaurants are becoming more popular with families.

A．that

B．which

C．in which

D．whose

23．______that the first cheese was probably made more than 4,000 years ago by nomadic tribes in Asia.

A．The belief

B．Although they believe

C．It is believed

D．Believing

24．In the fourteenth century, ________that glass coated with silver nitrate would turn yellow when fired in an oven.

A．the discovery

B．it was discovered

C．with the discovery

D．if it was discovered

25．We were all overjoyed at the news_________the experiment turned out a success.

A．which

B．that

C．when

D．what

请选择括号中的连词填空。

26．A hinge joint is______(what/that/which) permits the forward and backward movement of a door.

27．It's doubtful________(whether/that/how/what) the government of that country can accept them as permanent residents.

28．It has always puzzled me________(that/why/where/what) the old man tied a red silk ribbon on the young tree in his courtyard.

29．The reason for my return is_______(because/it/that/why) I left my keys behind.

30．Scientists have reached the conclusion________(what/that/which/when) the temperature on Earth is getting higher and higher.

31．I have no idea________(what/that/which/why) has happened to him.

32．An idea came to her________(that/what/when/which) she might do the experiment in another way.

33．One of the qualities________(that/what/who/why) separate us two-legged animals from the four-legged ones is compassion. It is_______(which/that/what) makes us stand up tall instead of crawling about on all fours. And standing up tall is________(which/that/what) frees our arms to reach out to a fellow being and say, "Let me help you."

34．Change is________(which/that/what) keeps us fresh and innovative. Change is________(which/that/what) keeps us from getting stale. Change is________(which/that/what) keeps us young.

辨别改错。

35．Is there (A) any proof (B) which the food of the plant (C) differs from (D) that of animals?

36．A man cannot be really happy if (A) that he enjoys doing (B) is ignored by society (C) as of no value or (D) importance.

37．More and more people (A) have realized (B) such a fact (C) of heart diseases (D) are related to the way people live.





Chapter 3

第三章　定语从句



* * *




定语从句是非常重要的一个语法项目。它有两个重要概念：先行词和关系词。定语从句的核心内容就是围绕先行词和关系词展开的。另外，定语从句有限制性和非限制性之分。最后，本章还将讨论定语从句与同位语从句的区别。因此，本章内容安排如下：

3.1　定语从句概述

3.2　关系词在定语从句中充当的成分

3.3　关系代词与先行词的搭配关系

3.4　关系副词的用法

3.5　限制性与非限制性定语从句

3.6　定语从句与同位语从句的区分



* * *





3.1　定语从句概述

3.1.1　形容词作定语与从句作定语比较

定语从句是英语里最为重要的语法项目之一，因为当要表达复杂的意思时，往往都要借助于定语从句来完成，即要用定语从句来修饰某个名词或名词短语。比如当我们说“我不喜欢懒人”，这时只需要用一个形容词lazy来作定语就可以。这句话可以这样说：

1　I don't like lazy people.

但是，如果要表达稍微复杂一点的意思，比如说“我不喜欢不守信用的人”，这时，简单地用形容词作定语就无能为力了，就要借助于一个句子来修饰名词，用作名词的定语，对名词进行限制。这句话可以这样说：

2　I don't like people who never keep their word.

对于这两个例句，我们比较分析如下：

妙语点睛



这里，lazy是作定语修饰people，而who never keep their word也是作定语修饰people，前者只是单个的形容词，而后者是一个有着完整主谓结构的句子，故称后者为定语从句，即用作定语功能的从句。说它是“从句”，因为这句话有主句，I don't like people这是这句话的核心意思。

通过比较这两个例句，读者应该知道定语从句的作用了。下面将讨论定语从句的两个重要概念：先行词和关系词。

3.1.2　定语从句的两个重要概念：先行词和关系词

对于定语从句，一定要掌握先行词和关系词这两个重要概念，因为定语从句的核心内容就是围绕着先行词和关系词展开的。

一、先行词

被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。上一节例句中的people即为先行词。

二、关系词

重复指代先行词、起连接主句和从句的作用，并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连接词称为关系词。上一节例句2中的who即为关系词。关系词有两个作用：

1．代词的作用：重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定成分，如上一节例句2中的who指代people并且作从句的主语；

2．连接作用：即连接主句和从句，如上一节例句2中的who起着连接主句I don't like people和从句who never keep their word的作用。

接下来的各节内容都是围绕先行词和关系词展开的。因此，首先必须能够熟练判断先行词和关系词。请做下面的练习。



思维训练

Exercise 3.1

请找出下列短文中的定语从句，并指明先行词和关系词。



Passage 1:

Chris: Do you have a date for the party yet?

Kim: Actually, I don't. Do you think you could help me find one?

Chris: Hmm. What kind of guys do you like?

Kim: Oh, I like guys who aren't too serious and who have a good sense of humor. You know, ...like you.

Chris: OK. What else?

Kim: Well, I'd prefer someone who I have something in common with—who I can talk to easily.

Chris: I think I know just the guy for you. Bob Branson. Do you know him?

Kim: No, I don't think so.

Chris: Let me arrange for you to meet him, and you can tell me what you think.



Passage 2:

Friendship is a very difficult thing. It is hard to handle. It creates many different problems. In fact I would say that friendship is as hard to handle as love is, or even marriage. Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I'm talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living. I'm talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.



Passage 3:

Beauty means this to one and that to the other. And yet when anyone of us has seen that which to him is beautiful he has known an emotion which is in every case the same in kind.

A ship in sail, a blooming flower, a town at night, a lovely poem, leaf shadows, a child's grace, the starry skies, apple trees in spring—the thought of beauty—these are the drops of rain that keep the human spirit from death by draught. They are a stealing and silent refreshment that we perhaps do not think about but which goes on all the time. Beauty is the smile on the earth's face, open to all, and needs but the eyes to see, mood to understand.





3.2　关系词在定语从句充当的成分

在上一节中，在谈到关系词的“代词作用”时，提到它“重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定的成分”。因此接下来的分析思路是，以关系词为出发点，从两个角度来谈定语从句：一是关系词在从句中所能充当的各种不同成分（见本节）；二是关系词与先行词的对应关系，即不同的先行词要由不同的关系词来指代（见3.3节）。

关系词必须在定语从句中充当某种成分，比如主语、宾语或表语等等。下面将进行详细讨论。本节内容安排如下：

3.2.1　关系词用作从句的主语（relative pronoun as subject）

3.2.2　关系词用作从句中动词的宾语（relative pronoun as object of verb）

3.2.3　关系词用作从句中介词的宾语（relative pronoun as object of preposition）

3.2.4　作宾语的关系词可以省去

3.2.1　关系词用作从句的主语

（relative pronoun as subject）

我们先来比较简单句和定语从句，看看一个简单句如何变成定语从句。请读者先看两个简单句：

1　The woman is a famous dancer and she lives next door.

妙语点睛

上述两个简单句中有一个“重复元素”，这里的she就指代the woman，即两句之间有一个交叉点，而通过这个交叉点建立起两句之间的联系。现在要用she lives next door来作定语修饰the woman，以告诉对方哪个woman是舞蹈演员。而在定语从句中，指代“人”的关系词要用who。前面说过，关系词既具有代词的作用又起着连词的作用，因此，上句可改写成：

The woman is a famous dancer who (=and she) lives next door.

由此看到，这里的关系词who既取代了代词she也取代了连词and，也即who既具有代词的作用也起着连接的作用。另外，定语从句一般要紧跟在它所修饰的名词后面。因此，上句又可进一步改写成：

The woman who lives next door is a famous dancer.

到此，一个标准的定语从句“制造”完毕。整个转换过程如下：



由此看到，关系词who既指代the woman，同时又在从句中作成分——从句的主语，而且还替换了and，起着连词的作用。

精品译文

这位女士是一名著名的舞蹈演员，她就住在我家隔壁。

请再来看一下两个简单句如何合并为一个含有定语从句的句子：

2

妙语点睛

这里的关系词who取代and they，来引导定语从句who have a good sense of humor，修饰名词guys。这个guys就是先行词。

精品译文

我喜欢有幽默感的男士。

通过以上的变换操作过程，总结出以下三点，要提请读者注意：

一、用关系词who代替人称代词（如she或they）后，定语从句里就不能再保留这些代词了。比如不能说：

3　The woman who she lives next door is a famous dancer.*

4　I like guys who they have a good sense of humor.*

因为这里已经有了who在从句中作主语，不必重复代词（如she或they）了。

二、细心的读者也许已经注意到了，上述两个定语从句who lives next door和who have a good sense of humor分别修饰的名词woman和guys，它们在各自的主句中充当的成分不同：woman作主语（the woman is a famous dancer），而guys是作宾语（I like guys）。事实上，定语从句可以修饰一个主句当中的任何一个名词。但是，我们关注的往往是关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，不关心定语从句是修饰主句的哪个名词。

三、关于定语从句的主谓一致的问题。我们看到，同样是who作主语，但是who lives next door这个定语从句的谓语动词lives是单数第三人称的形式，即词尾加了-s；而who have a good sense of humor这个定语从句的谓语动词have却不是单数第三人称形式。这里读者或许就有一个疑问：为什么同样的主语who竟然会接两种不同形式的谓语呢？这里其实涉及关系词who的指代问题，也就是说，定语从句的谓语动词形式是由关系词所指代的先行词来决定的，而不是取决于关系词本身。定语从句who lives next door中的who指代的woman是单数名词，故谓语用单数的lives；而定语从句who have a good sense of humor中的who指代的guys是复数名词，故谓语用复数的have。这也进一步验证了，关系词是有指代作用的（同时具有连词作用）。

我们再来看更多的例句：

5　Anger is a thief who steals away the nice moments. 愤怒就如同一个窃贼，盗取了我们的幸福时光。

6　He who is not handsome at twenty, nor strong at thirty, nor rich at forty, nor wise at fifty, will never be handsome, strong, rich, or wise. 一个人若在20岁时不俊美、30岁时不健康、40岁时不富有、50岁时不明智，那么他将永远不会拥有这些。

7　There is this difference between happiness and wisdom: the person who thinks himself the happiest man really is so; but the person who thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool. 幸福与智慧区别于此：认为自己是最幸福的，他真的就最幸福；而认为自己是最有智慧的，他却往往是最大的傻瓜。

8　The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only one page. 世界犹如一本书，而那些从不出门旅行的人仅仅读了这本书的一页。

9　A rich person is not one who has the most, but is one who needs the least. 一个富有的人，不是因为他拥有的最多，而是因为他需要的最少。

10　I like guys who aren't too serious and who have a good sense of humor. 我喜欢不过于严肃，并且具有幽默感的男士。

11　Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I'm talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living. 当然了，我这里所说的友谊不是那种“来得快去得也快”的泛泛之交，而是那种彼此之间能真正互相关心的朋友，能够互相支持的朋友，能够让你的人生更有意义的朋友。

在上面这些定语从句中，关系词who都是作从句的主语。

3.2.2　关系词用作从句中动词的宾语

（relative pronoun as object of verb）

关系词除了像上面讨论的在定语从句中作主语外，还可以在从句中作宾语。而且，还可进一步区分为从句动词的宾语和从句介词的宾语。本节将讨论关系词作从句动词的宾语。同样，请读者先来看两个简单句如何合并为一个含有定语从句的句子。

1

妙语点睛

在例句1）中，这里的him指代名词a friend，可以用关系词who来替换him，来充当动词trust的宾语。又因为who有连词的作用，所以此时and就要去掉了，如例句2）所示。另一方面，关系词who要置于从句的开头，所以要把who移到I的前面，原句从而变成了下面的例句3）：

3) I'd really like to find a friend who I can trust... completely.

这里的who虽然发生了移位，但依然是充当从句动词trust的宾语。这里用“...”表示trust的宾语是存在的，只不过发生了移位，移到了从句的开头，由who来充当。因此，这里的关系词who是充当从句的宾语。既然从句的谓语trust有宾语了，原来的him就要去掉，所以不能这样说：

4) I'd really like to find a friend who I can trust him completely.*

综上所述，最后带有定语从句的完整句子就是：

5) I'd really like to find a friend who I can trust completely. 我想找一个我完全能够信任的人作朋友。