2．________remains uncertain. (Shall we have the match?)

3．I wonder_______. (Should we wait for him?)

4．No one knows exactly_______. (Is there life on other planets?)

5．I am interested in the question_______. (Will people live on the moon someday?)

6．My question is_______. (Do we have enough time to go to the movie?)

7．Do you know______? (Does sound travel faster than light?)

8．I don't know_______. (How old is he?)

9．_______was interesting. (What was he talking about?)

10．Do you know_______? (What's on TV tonight?)

11．Please tell me________. (Where do you live?)

12．I wonder_______. (Why did dinosaurs become extinct?)

13．_______wasn't true. (What did she say?)

14．_______is true. (What did he tell you?)

15．_______is still a mystery. (Why did they refuse to cooperate with us?)

16．Do you know______? (When are they coming?)

17．I can't remember_______. (How much does it cost?)

18．Let's ask him_______. (Which book does he want?)

19．I don't know_______. (Who is coming to the party?)

20．I don't know_______. (Who are those people?)

21．Do you know_______? (Whose pen is this?)

22．_______is a secret. (Why did they leave the country?)

23．_______is none of your business. (Where did she go?)

24．_______will be forever etched in our memories. (What happened on the morning of September 11? )

25．I don't remember_______. (How many letters are there in the English alphabet?)

26．I need to find out_______. (How old does a person have to be to get a driver's license?)

27．The little boy wants to know_______. (Do animals have the same emotions as human beings?)

28．The little boy wants to know_______. (Why is the water of the sea salty?)





2.2　简单句与主语从句

从上一节的讨论中，已经把握了名词从句的本质，就是用三种句子（陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句）充当四种句子成分（主语、宾语、表语和同位语）。所以，当用这三种句子充当另外一个句子的主语时，就构成了主语从句。因此，本节内容安排如下：

2.2.1　陈述句作主语

2.2.2　一般疑问句作主语

2.2.3　特殊疑问句作主语

2.2.1　陈述句作主语

把“that＋陈述句”这一结构放在主语的位置即构成主语从句。请看例句：

1　That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.

妙语点睛

这里that引导的从句that the seas are being overfished即是一个主语从句，直接置于主语的位置。

精品译文

海洋正在被人们过度捕捞，许多年以来这已是尽人皆知的。

2　That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute.

妙语点睛

这里that引导的从句that the plates are moving即是一个主语从句，直接置于主语的位置。

精品译文

地球板块是在漂移的，这一点并非毫无争议。

3　That English is important is an undoubted fact. 英语很重要，这是毋庸置疑的事实。

4　That he doesn't understand English is obvious. 很显然，他不懂英语。

5　That the world is round is a fact. 地球是圆的，这是一个事实。

6　That the moon itself does not give off light is common knowledge. 月球本身不发光是一个基本常识。

对于陈述句作主语，更常见的是用it作形式主语置于句首，而将主语从句放在句末。因此上面各句可分别改为：

7　It has been known for years that the seas are being overfished.

8　It is not beyond dispute that the plates are moving.

9　It is an undoubted fact that English is important.

10　It is obvious that he doesn't understand English.

11　It is a fact that the world is round.

12　It is common knowledge that the moon itself does not give off light.

下列都是常见的主语从句句型（重点内容）：

一、It is＋过去分词＋that从句

It's reported that...（据报道……）

It's believed that...（人们相信……）

It is generally thought that...（人们普遍认为……）

It should be noted that...（应当注意……）

It has been found that...（现已发现……）

It must be pointed out that...（必须指出……）

类似动词还有say，expect，know，estimate和forecast等。请看例句：

13　As a child and as an adult as well, Bill Gates was untidy. It has been said that in order to counteract this, Mary drew up weekly clothing plans for him. 不论是在小时候还是长大成人以后，比尔·盖茨都是不修边幅的。据说为了让他改掉这个习惯，玛丽专门为他制定了一周的着装计划。

二、It is＋形容词＋that从句

It is clear that...（显然……）

It is possible that...（很可能……）

It is likely that...（很可能……）

It is natural that...（很自然……）

It is certain that...（可以相信……）

It is strange that...（奇怪的是……）

It is fortunate that...（幸运的是……）

It is necessary that...（有必要……）

14　It is true that English is becoming an international language. 的确，英语正日益成为一门国际通用语言。

三、It is＋名词短语＋that从句

常用的名词有：a pity, a shame, an honor, a good idea和no wonder等等。

It is a pity that...（可惜的是……）

It is a fact that...（事实是……）

It is good news that...（……真是太好了……）

It is a good thing that...（……真是件好事……）

It is no wonder that...（难怪……）

It is a shame that...（遗憾的是……；……真是太不像话了）

It is an honor that...（真荣幸……）

It is common knowledge that...（……是常识）

It is my belief that...（我相信……）

It is a miracle that...（……真是奇迹）

15　It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish. 鲸鱼不是鱼类，这是一个常识。

16　It is common knowledge that a flash of lightning is seen before a clap of thunder is heard. 人们先看到闪电，后听见雷声，这是一个常识。

17　It is a shame that you did not pass the test. 你没通过这次考试真遗憾。

2.2.2　一般疑问句作主语

一般疑问句作主语时，要把一般疑问句变成陈述句，并且用whether来引导，然后充当句子的主语，即构成主语从句。请看例句：

Whether he comes or not makes no difference to me. 他来不来对我来说无所谓。

2.2.3　特殊疑问句作主语

1　What we need is wholly new kind of police force.

妙语点睛

这里的特殊疑问词what是作need的宾语，所以需将原来的倒装句what do we need调整为陈述句语序what we need，然后作主句的主语，即构成主语从句。

精品译文

我们需要的是一个全新的警察机构。

2　What he told you is true.

妙语点睛

这里的特殊疑问词what是作told的直接宾语，所以需将原来的倒装句what did he tell you调整为陈述句语序what he told you，然后作主句的主语，即构成主语从句。

精品译文

他和你讲的都是实话。

3　When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decided.

妙语点睛

这里的特殊疑问词when是作从句的时间状语，所以需将原来的倒装句when is the meeting to be held调整为陈述句语序when the meeting is to be held，然后作主句的主语，即构成主语从句。

精品译文

会议何时举行还没决定。

4　Why he refused to cooperate with us is still a mystery.

妙语点睛

这里的特殊疑问词why是作从句的原因状语，所以需将原来的倒装句why did he refuse to cooperate with us调整为陈述句语序why he refused to cooperate with us，然后作主句的主语，即构成主语从句。

精品译文

他为什么会拒绝与我们合作，目前还不清楚。

5　How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is.

妙语点睛

这里的特殊疑问词how是作从句的方式状语，所以需将原来的倒装句how does a person master his fate调整为陈述句语序how a person masters his fate，然后作主句的主语，即构成主语从句。

精品译文

对于一个人来说，重要的是如何掌握自己的命运，而不是被动地接受命运的安排。

6　September 11, 2001 started out as an ordinary day, but what happened that morning will be forever etched（铭刻）in our memories.

妙语点睛

这里的特殊疑问词what是作从句的主语，所以无需调整语序，而直接将疑问句what happened that morning作主句的主语，即构成主语从句。

精品译文

2001年9月11号那天和平日一样到来，但是那天早晨发生的事情将永远铭刻在人们的记忆里。



思维总结

本节重点是掌握that引导的主语从句的句型。



思维训练

Exercise 2.2

请把下列句子改写成it作主语的句子。

1．That the word is round is a fact.

2．That smoking can cause cancer is true.

3．That English is becoming an international language is true.

4．That Clint failed his English exam was strange.

5．That they are still alive is a consolation.

6．That he has been late for work over and over again is a serious matter.





2.3　简单句与宾语从句

名词从句的本质是用三种句子（陈述句、一般问句和特殊问句）充当四种句子成分（主语、宾语、表语和同位语）。所以，当用三种句子充当另外一个句子的宾语时，就构成了宾语从句。因此，本节内容安排如下：

2.3.1　陈述句作宾语

2.3.2　一般疑问句作宾语

2.3.3　特殊疑问句作宾语

2.3.1　陈述句作宾语

把“that＋陈述句”这一结构放在宾语的位置即构成宾语从句。请看例句：

1　We know (that) the world is round. 我们知道，地球是圆的。

2　I think (that) a sound knowledge of grammar is indispensable to good writing. 我认为扎实的语法功底对良好的写作极为重要。

需要提醒读者注意的是，只有宾语从句中的that才可以省去（在不影响对句意的理解的情况下），而主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的that一般不能省去。

2.3.2　一般疑问句作宾语

把“whether/if＋陈述句”这一结构放在宾语的位置即构成宾语从句。请看例句：

1　I don't know if/whether he needs my help. 我不知道他是否需要我的帮助。

2　No one knew whether or not interest rates would rise.

妙语点睛

这里原来的一般问句是would interest rates rise，变成陈述句语序后成为interest rates would rise，然后为了保留疑问的意义又添加了whether or not，于是便有了whether or not interest rates would rise，在主句的谓语knew后面作宾语，即构成宾语从句。需要提醒读者注意的是，因为一般不说if or not，所以这里的连词不宜用if，而要用whether。

精品译文

没有人知道利率是否会提高。

注意：只有宾语从句才可以用if引导，主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句一般都要用whether引导。

2.3.3　特殊疑问句作宾语

把特殊疑问句变成陈述句语序后放在宾语的位置即构成宾语从句。请看例句：

1　I have not decided whom I should vote for.

妙语点睛

这里的特殊疑问词whom是作vote for的宾语，所以需将原来的倒装句whom should I vote for调整为陈述句语序whom I should vote for，然后作主句谓语decided的宾语，即构成宾语从句。

精品译文

我还没有决定该投谁的票。

2　No one knows exactly how speech began.

妙语点睛

这里的特殊疑问词how是作began的方式状语，所以需将原来的倒装句how did speech begin调整为陈述句语序how speech began，然后作主句谓语knows的宾语，即构成宾语从句。

精品译文

没有人确切地知道语言是如何产生的。

3　Could you tell me where the post office is?

妙语点睛

这里的特殊疑问词where是作is的表语，所以需将原来地倒装句where is the post office调整为陈述句语序where the post office is，然后作主句谓语tell的直接宾语，即构成宾语从句。

精品译文

你能告诉我邮局在哪里吗？

4　We don't know why he did not come yesterday.

妙语点睛

这里的特殊疑问词why是作come的原因状语，所以需将原来的倒装句why did he not come yesterday调整为陈述句语序why he did not come yesterday，然后作主句谓语know的宾语，即构成宾语从句。

精品译文

我们不知道他昨天为什么没来。

5　They gave who came to the meeting a pamphlet.

妙语点睛

这里的特殊疑问词who是作came的主语，所以无需调整语序，而直接将疑问句who came to the meeting作主句谓语gave的间接宾语，即构成宾语从句。另外，gave的直接宾语是a pamphlet。

精品译文

他们给所有到会的人员发了一本小册子。

6　You should vote for which candidate you assume best.

妙语点睛

这里的特殊疑问词which是作定语，修饰名词。candidate，所以需将原来的倒装句which candidate do you assume best调整为陈述句语序which candidate you assume best，然后作主句谓语vote for的宾语，即构成宾语从句。

精品译文

你应该投票给那些你认为最优秀的候选人。

7　The mother will buy whichever books her son wants.

妙语点睛

这里的特殊疑问词whichever相当于which，是which的强调形式，作定语，修饰名词books，所以需将原来的倒装句whichever books does her son want调整为陈述句语序whichever books her son wants，然后作主句谓语buy的宾语，即构成宾语从句。

精品译文

她儿子要什么书，这位妈妈就给他买什么书。

从以上例句看到，宾语从句可以是直接放在动词后面作宾语（如例句1和例句2），也可以是作双宾语动词的直接宾语（如例句3）或间接宾语（如例句5），也可以放在介词后面作宾语（如例句6）。也就是说，宾语从句的位置可以有很多种。关于宾语从句不同位置的详细讨论，请参见《英语语法新思维高级教程——驾驭语法》第一章第1.3节。





2.4　简单句与表语从句

从2.1节的讨论中，已经知道名词从句的本质，就是用三种句子（陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句）充当四种句子成分（主语、宾语、表语和同位语）。所以，当把三种句子充当另外一个句子的表语时，就构成了表语从句。因此，本节内容安排如下：

2.4.1　陈述句作表语

2.4.2　一般疑问句作表语

2.4.3　特殊疑问句作表语

需要注意的是，表语从句通常是置于系动词，尤其是be动词的后面。

2.4.1　陈述句作表语

把“that＋陈述句”这一结构放在表语的位置即构成表语从句。请看例句：

My idea is that the child should be sent to school. 我的看法是，应该把这个孩子送去上学。

2.4.2　一般疑问句作表语

把“whether＋陈述句”这一结构放在表语的位置即构成表语从句。请看例句：

My concern is whether he comes or not. 我关心的是他到底来不来。

2.4.3　特殊疑问句作表语

把特殊问句变成陈述句语序后放在表语的位置即构成表语从句。请看例句：

1　Change is what keeps us fresh and innovative. Change is what keeps us from getting stale. Change is what keeps us young. 唯有变革才能使我们保持思维敏锐，富有创造性。唯有变革才能防止我们思想僵化。唯有变革才能使我们永葆青春。

2　Money is what we are badly in need of. 我们急需的是钱。

3　Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift. That's why it's called the present! 昨天是历史。明天是一个谜。今天是一个礼物。因此它才被称为present！

4　The point is when you will become rich. 问题的关键是你何时才能有钱。

5　This is where our basic interest lies. 这是我们的根本利益所在。





2.5　简单句与同位语从句

所谓同位语，就是用来补充说明名词的成分。被补充说明的名词，叫作先行词。当用一个完整的句子来补充说明名词时，即构成同位语从句。所以，同位语从句都位于一个名词的后面，便构成了“名词＋连词＋同位语从句”这样的结构。本节内容安排如下：

2.5.1　陈述句作同位语

2.5.2　一般疑问句作同位语

2.5.3　特殊疑问句作同位语

2.5.1　陈述句作同位语

把“that＋陈述句”这一结构放在同位语的位置即构成同位语从句。请看例句：

1　He was prepared to prove his theory that two different weights would fall to the ground at the same time.

妙语点睛

这里的先行词是his theory，同位语从句是that two different weights would fall to the ground at the same time。

精品译文

他准备证明他的这一理论：两个重量不同的物体将同时落地。

2　The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.

妙语点睛

这里的先行词是the fact，同位语从句是that he succeeded in the experiment。

精品译文

他试验取得了成功，这让大家很高兴。

3　The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.

妙语点睛

这里的先行词是the rumor，同位语从句是that Tom was a thief。

精品译文

有人曾谣传汤姆是小偷，结果证明是不对的。

注意：同位语从句可能与其修饰的名词被其他成分隔开。请看例句：

4　They spread the lie everywhere that Tom was guilty of theft.

妙语点睛

这里的先行词the lie与同位语从句that Tom was guilty of theft被everywhere隔开。

精品译文

他们到处散布谣言说汤姆犯有盗窃罪。

5　A saying goes that practice makes perfect.

妙语点睛

这里的先行词a saying与同位语从句that practice makes perfect被谓语goes隔开。

精品译文

俗话说，熟能生巧。

6　Dreary months dragged by before the tragic news reached her that her beloved brother had been killed for anti-Nazi activities.

妙语点睛

这里的先行词the tragic news与同位语从句that her beloved brother had been killed for anti-Nazi activities被谓语reached her隔开。

精品译文

在狱中度过数月梦魇般的日子后，突然有一天传来噩耗：她亲爱的哥哥在反法西斯活动中被杀害了。

这种被分隔开来的情形在阅读文章中是比较常见的，遇到时一定要认真分析，才能正确地理解句子的意思。

2.5.2　一般疑问句作同位语

把“whether＋陈述句”这一结构放在同位语地位置即构成同位语从句。请看例句：

They are faced with the problem whether they should continue to work. 他们面临这样一个问题：他们是否应该继续工作。

2.5.3　特殊疑问句作同位语

把特殊疑问句变成陈述句语序后放在同位语的位置即构成同位语从句。请看例句：

1　There arose the question where we could get the loan. 现在的问题是我们去哪里弄到这笔贷款。

2　The question who should go abroad on this business tour requires consideration.

谁应该出差去国外，这个问题需要仔细考虑。

3　I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来。

最后需要说明的是，同位语从句主要是由that引导，而很少用whether以及连接代词或连接副词引导，这是因为我们多是用陈述句来补充说明名词的内容，而很少用一般疑问句或特殊疑问句来补充说明名词的内容。



写给读者的话



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