妙语点睛

这里的从句由so that引导，表示目的，意为“以便”。从句含有情态动词can。

精品译文

人们常引用科罗拉多州前州长理查德·兰姆的话说，老年多病者“有义务死去和让位”，以便让更年轻、更健康的人们发挥他们的潜能。

请再看其他更多例句：

4　I spoke slowly and clearly so that/in order that the audience could understand me. 我讲得既慢又清晰，以便观众能听懂我的话。

5　They carved the words on the stone so that/in order that the future generation should remember what they had done. 他们在石头上刻字，以便后人记住他们做过的事情。

6　We climbed high (so) that we might get a better view. 我们爬到高处，以便能看得更清楚。

7　The teacher raised his voice in order that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 老师提高了声音，以便坐在后排的学生能听得更清楚。

从以上例句我们看到，目的状语从句一般位于主句之后。但若要强调目的状语从句，可将so that或in order that引导的从句置于句首。请看例句：

8　In order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet, I turned off the TV.



思维训练

Exercise 4.4

请将下列简单句合并成目的状语从句，注意使用情态动词。

1．I am going to leave the party early. I want to be able to get a good night's sleep.

2．Harry brought his umbrella. He wanted to be sure he didn't get wet.

3．I turned on the TV. I wanted to listen to the news.

4．The little boy pretended to be sick. He wanted to stay home from school.

5．Clint took some change from his pocket. He wanted to buy a newspaper.

6．I put the milk in the refrigerator. I wanted to make sure it didn't spoil.

7．I unplugged the phone. I didn't want to be interrupted while I was sleeping.





4.5　结果状语从句

4.5.1　常见连词的用法

常用的引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that和such...that。下面将详细讨论他们的用法。注意，结果状语从句都要放在主句之后，而不能提到句首。

一、连词so...that的用法

多数结果状语从句是由so...that引导的，这里so的后面接形容词或副词。请看例句：

1．接形容词

1　Sensible Sam: I saw you pushing your bicycle to work this afternoon.

Foolish Fred: Yes. I was so late that I didn't have time to get on it.

妙语点睛

这里是so...that引导结果状语从句，so的后面接了形容词（late）。

精品译文

聪明的萨姆：我今天下午看到你推着自行车去上班。

愚笨的弗雷德：是的，因为当时太晚了，所以我来不及骑上车子。

2　A geography teacher once told her class, "The moon is so large that several million people could live there."

One boy started laughing, "It sure must get crowded when it's a crescent moon."

妙语点睛

这里是so...that引导结果状语从句，so的后面接了形容词（large）。

精品译文

在地理课上，老师告诉全班学生说：“月球的大小足以容纳几百万人口。”这时一个男生笑道：“那么在新月时，月球上岂不是就会变得很拥挤。”

请再看下面这句话：

3　The food in our school canteen is so bad that flies go there to lose weight.

精品译文

我们学校食堂的饭菜质量真差，连苍蝇都飞到那里去减肥。

2．接副词

4　He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true.

妙语点睛

这里是so...that引导结果状语从句，so的后面接了副词（consistently）。

精品译文

他一直不断地提出确定不疑的主张，以至于不仅他自己对他们深信不疑，而且还使得工商管理界相信他们都是真的。

5　The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.

妙语点睛

这是2004年的考研翻译真题。这里是so..that引导结果状语从句，so的后面接了副词（strikingly）。

精品译文

这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责博阿斯和萨皮尔编造了材料。

二、连词such...that的用法

可以用such...that来引导结果状语从句，此时such的后面要接名词。请看例句：

6　Diplomats and crabs are creatures who move in such a way that it is impossible to tell whether they are coming or going.

妙语点睛

这里是such...that引导结果状语从句，such的后面接了名词（a way）。

精品译文

外交官和螃蟹是行为方式相同的动物，因为我们无法判断他们是要向前走还是想往后退。

请比较：

7　1) He is such a good teacher that everyone likes him.

2) He is so good a teacher that everyone likes him.

妙语点睛

注意这里的冠词a的位置关系：a要紧跟在such的后面。

精品译文

他是一个好老师，所有人都喜欢他。

4.5.2　结果状语从句的倒装

在英文中，such/so...that引导结果状语从句，为了强调，还可以将主句中的so或such引导的部分置于句首从而构成倒装结构。请看例句：

1　So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.

妙语点睛

这句话的正常语序为：Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.

精品译文

光的传播速度是如此之快，以至于我们无法想象它的速度。

2　So terrible was the storm that the roofs were all ripped off.

妙语点睛

这句话的正常语序为：The storm was so terrible that the roofs were all ripped off.

精品译文

暴风雨是如此猛烈，把整个屋顶都掀翻了。

3　________that the pilot couldn't fly through it.

A．So the storm was severe

B．So severe was the storm

C．The storm so severe was

D．Such was the storm severe

正确答案　B。

妙语点睛

这是一道四级考题。正确的倒装结构应该是B，这句话的正常语序为：The storm was so severe that the pilot couldn't fly through it.

精品译文

暴风雨是如此猛烈，飞行员无法驾驶飞机穿越。

我们下面来看一个such...that引导的结果从句变为倒装结构的例句：

4　Such a fool was he that he believed her.

妙语点睛

这句话的正常语序为：He was such a fool that he believed her.

精品译文

他真是愚蠢，连她都相信。



思维训练

Exercise 4.5

请用so...that和／或such...that合并句子。

1．This tea is good. I think I'll have another cup.

2．The car was expensive. We couldn't afford to buy it.

3．I had to wear my coat. It was a cold day.

4．I don't feel like going to class. We're having beautiful weather.

5．She talked too fast. I couldn't understand her.

6．The black leopard is very dark. Its spots are difficult to see.

7．I've met too many people in the last few days. I can't remember all of their names.

8．It took us only ten minutes to get there. There was little traffic.

9．There were few people at the meeting. It was cancelled.

10．I have too much trouble. I need your help.

11．The classroom has comfortable chairs. The students find it easy to fall asleep.

请选择最佳答案填空。

12．So involved with their computers________that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.

A．became the children

B．become the children

C．had the children become

D．do the children become

13．It is________weather that I would like to go to the beach.

A．so nice

B．such nice

C．such a nice

D．so nice a

14．She told us________stories that we all laughed.

A．so funny

B．such funny

C．funny such

D．so fun

15．The music at the party was________that the neighbors complained.

A．so loud

B．such loudness

C．so loudly

D．such a loud

16． He's________man that everyone loves him.

A．so kind

B．such a kind

C．such kindness

D．so kindly





4.6　条件状语从句

本节主要分析真实条件句，而非真实条件句将在第七章“虚拟语气”中讨论。本节内容安排如下：

4.6.1　常见连词的用法

4.6.2　其他条件状语从句的连词

4.6.1　常见连词的用法

最常见的条件状语从句的引导词是if和unless。连词if表示“如果”，unless表示“如果不”或“除非”。请看例句：

下面这句话读者一定不会陌生：

1　If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？

有人说爱一个人完全是自己的事情，与对方无关。但不求回报地去爱，又有几人能做到？下面这个例句讲的就是这个道理：

2　Giving someone all your love is never an assurance that they'll love you back. Don't expect love in return, just wait for it to grow in their heart, but if it doesn't be glad it grew in yours. 为某人付出自己全部的爱，并不一定能够保证对方会同样爱你。不要期望爱的回报，就让爱在对方心中慢慢地成长。即使没有，也不要失望，而要为自己心中曾经爱过而感到高兴。

如果有一天你不经意间微笑起来，连你自己都无法解释为什么自己会笑，那原因就是：

3　Today if a happy smile comes to you, a happy smile that perhaps you can't explain...it is because at that moment, I am thinking of you, and smiling, too. 假如今天你不经意间开心地微笑起来，连你都无法解释自己为什么会笑……这是因为此时此刻我正在想着你，我也在微笑。

下面这句话是英国前首相撒切尔夫人（Margaret Thatcher）对男人和女人woman的评价：

4　In politics, if you want someone to make a speech, ask a man; if you want something done, ask a woman. 在政治领域，如果你想要有人发表演说，那就找男士去；而如果你想真正把事情解决，那就找女士。

我们再来看有关unless的例句。比如下面这则雅虎发表的免责申明：

5　The opinions expressed here are not necessarily the opinions of Yahoo! and we assume no responsibility for such content....Please do not post any private information unless you want it to be available publicly and never assume that you are completely anonymous and cannot be identified by your comments. 网友在本网站发表的任何评论并不代表雅虎的观点，因而我们对这些内容不承担任何责任。……请不要发布任何个人信息，除非你希望把个人信息公布于众；也不要认为在网络上你是完全匿名隐身的，别人不会因为你的评论而发现你。

一位美国老师指出，中国学生因为“面子”问题而不愿在口语课上开口说英语，下面是他建议其他外教该如何处理中国学生“面子”问题的作法：

6　Discussions about "face" can be difficult if one is not familiar with the significance and importance attached to it by many Asian people. It does have different meanings to different people and, unless a teacher is "comfortable" with broaching the subject, it is best left alone. 亚洲人非常看重“面子”问题，如果你对此不熟悉的话，讨论“面子”问题就会很困难。对于不同的人，“面子”问题的意味是不同的，除非作为老师你很善于把握这个话题，否则还是不要涉及为好。

下面两个例句都是关于英语学习方面的问题：

7　Read silently. Do not make a sound. move your tongue or lips. Reading aloud slows you down and will not help pronunciation unless you have a mentor who will correct your pronunciation. 默读。读英语的时候，不要出声、动舌头或者动嘴唇。大声朗读会降低你的阅读速度，而且并不有助于你正确地发音，除非你身边有老师能随时帮助你纠正发音。

8　Inside this book you will find a series of successful skills, strategies and suggestions for improving your English, but these will be useless unless you carry them out. 在本书里，你会看到一系列关于如何提高英语水平的成功技巧、方法和建议，不过你要真正运用和实践这些方法，否则它们对你依然毫无用处。

4.6.2　其他条件状语从句的连词

其他引导条件状语从句的连词有：suppose (that), supposing (that), providing/provided (that), so long as, as long as和on condition that等。

下面这句中文谚语读者应该很熟悉：

1　So long as you work hard enough, an iron rod can be ground into a needle. 只要功夫深，铁杵磨成针。

关于年龄与心态的问题，下面这句话值得读者诵记：

2　A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams.

妙语点睛

这里是as long as表示条件，引导从句。

精品译文

一个人只要还有追求，他就不算老。只有当心中不再有梦想，而只是满怀遗憾，这时他才真正老了。

有人把人生比作自助餐厅，在这里，只要你愿意付出代价和努力，就什么都能得到，但关键是你必须主动、积极，为自己创造一切，你要为自己服务，而不是等着别人来为你服务：

3　Life's a cafeteria here. You can get anything you want as long as you are willing to pay the price. You can even get success, but you'll never get it if you wait for someone to bring it to you. You have to get up and get it yourself.

人生就是一个自助餐厅，只要愿意付出代价，你就什么都能得到。在这里，你甚至可以获得成功，但如果你只是等待别人来为你服务，你就什么也得不到。你必须行动起来，自己赢得成功。

下面这个例句是谈论人生目标方向的重要性：

4　Knowledge helps you to reach the destination provided you know what the destination is. 如果你知道自己的目标是什么，知识就能帮助你达到这个目标。



思维训练

Exercise 4.6

请选择最佳答案填空。

1．You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting________you don't mind taking the night train.

A．provided

B．unless

C．though

D．until

2．He will surely finish the job on time________he's left to do it in his own way.

A．in that

B．in case

C．as far as

D．so long as

3．________you fell in love with your boss, what would you do?

A．Provide

B．Supposing

C．Unless

D．Except

4．Government cannot operate effectively________it is free from such interference.

A．so long as

B．if only

C．unless

D．lest





4.7　让步状语从句

本节内容安排如下：

4.7.1　常见连词的用法

4.7.2　表示让步转折关系的介词

4.7.3　置于句首的while一般表示“尽管”

4.7.4　as的倒装句表示让步

4.7.1　常见连词的用法

常见的引导让步状语从句的词有though, although, even though和even if，此时，主句前不可用but，但可用yet或still。

1　Although he tried hard, (yet/still) he failed. 尽管他努力了，但他还是失败了。

2　Although I didn't know anybody at the party, I had a very good time. 尽管聚会上的人我一个都不认识，但我仍然玩得很愉快。

3　The family is the essential presence—the thing that never leaves you, even if you find you have to leave it.

对于每个人来说，家是不可或缺的，它永远为你守候，即使有一天你发现你要离开它。

再比如下面这道考研题：

4　Although Professor Green's lectures usually ran (A) over the fifty-minute period, (B) but (C) none of his students (D) even objected as they found his lectures both informative and interesting.

正确答案　B，应把but去掉。

妙语点睛

这是1997年的考研真题。本题考查的就是although和but不能连用这一知识点。

精品译文

尽管格林教授上课时间常超过50分钟，但是他的学生中没有一个人反对，因为他们觉得他的课既有趣又有收获。

4.7.2　表示让步转折关系的介词

上面讨论了常见的让步状语从句的连词，与此相关的是，在英文中，还可以用介词来表示让步转折关系。这些介词主要有despite, in spite of和for all。需要提醒读者注意的是，although和though是连词，因此后面只接从句（有时是省略形式的从句），而这里的介词只接名词（短语），不能接从句。请比较：

1　1) Though he was inexperienced, he did a very good job.

2) In spite of his inexperience, he did a very good job.

3) In spite of his being inexperienced, he did a very good job.

妙语点睛

在例句1）中，连词though后面接的是从句he was inexperienced。在例句2）中，his inexperience是一个名词短语，所以要用介词，比如这里用了in spite of。在例句3）中，his being inexperienced是一个动名词短语的形式，也属于名词短语，所以这里也需要用介词，如in spite of。

精品译文

尽管他没有经验，但是他表现得很不错。

其他类似的例子还有：

2　1) Although it was dangerous,...

2) Despite the danger,...

3　1) Though the weather was bad,...

2) In spite of the bad weather,...

需要提醒读者注意的是，介词后面除了接名词短语外，还可以接what引导的名词从句。请看例句：

4　________what he achieved in medicine, he remained modest.

A．Despite

B．Although

C．If

D．Whereas

正确答案　A。

妙语点睛

本题考查的是状语从句连词的用法。因为这里what＝things that，引导的是一个名词性从句，其本质上相当于一个名词短语，故此处仍需用介词。若用连词though，则只能说成：Though he achieved a lot in medicine, he remained modest.

精品译文

尽管他在医学领域取得了很多成就，但是他依然很谦虚。

5　________tired, he wouldn't stop working.

A．Despite

B．For all

C．Though

D．Whereas

正确答案　C。

妙语点睛

本题考查的是状语从句连词的用法。因为这是一个省略的状语从句，原句相当于Though he was tired, he wouldn't stop working. 所以要用连词，而不是介词，故C正确。

精品译文

尽管很累，但他依然坚持工作。

综上所述，我们可以总结出这样的规律：介词后面可以接名词、名词短语、动名词或what引导的从句；连词后面可以接完整的陈述句、形容词（相当于省略句）、分词（相当于省略句）等。

4.7.3　置于句首的while一般表示“尽管”

while位于句首，一般意为“尽管”，引导让步状语从句。在很多阅读文章中常见到while的这一用法。请看例句：

1　While many countries of the world celebrate their own Mother's Day at different times throughout the year, there are some countries such as Denmark, Finland, Italy, Turkey, Australia, and Belgium which also celebrate Mother's Day on the second Sunday of May.

妙语点睛

while出现在句首，表示让步转折。

精品译文

尽管世界上很多国家是在不同的日期庆祝母亲节的，但是仍然有些国家，比如丹麦、芬兰、意大利、土耳其、澳大利亚和比利时也是在五月的第二个周日庆祝母亲节。

2　While the government pushed for a total breakup of the software maker, Microsoft fought fiercely against any positions that would affect its ability to compete in the marketplace.