D．didn't see/has been waiting

30．I can't believe that you______three pizzas already! I_______them in fifteen minutes ago!

A．ate/only brought

B．have been eating/only brought

C．have eaten/have only brought

D．have eaten/only brought

31．It's a long time since I______you. What_______?

A．saw/did you do

B．have seen/have you done

C．saw/have you been doing

D．have been seeing/have you been doing

32．He_______several novels since 1985. Most of them_________quite successful, but the last one_______very good reviews.

A．has written/were/hasn't got

B．wrote/have been/didn't get

C．has written/have been/didn't get

D．wrote/were/didn't get

33．By the time you get back, great changes________in this area.

A．will take place

B．will be taken place

C．will be taking place

D．will have taken place

34．By the time you_____, I_______all my housework.

A．returned/will have finished

B．return/will finish

C．return/will have finished

D．returned/finished

35．When I_______the letter, I_______it to you.

A．wrote/will show

B．wrote/would show

C．have written/will show

D．have written/would show

36．I______New York in 1986, but I________there since.

A．visit/hadn't been

B．visited/haven't been

C．visit/haven't been

D．visited/hadn't been

37．I think by five o'clock the children_________from their work.

A．will return

B．had returned

C．will have returned

D．have returned

38．Someone________my book. I________for it for the last ten minutes, but I can't see it anywhere.

A．took/have been looking

B．has taken/am looking

C．took/was looking

D．has taken/have been looking

39．Just imagine, if all goes well, by Christmas we_______in the new house for almost two months.

A．are living

B．have lived

C．will live

D．will have been living

40．I hope you_______all the possibilities before you make the final decision.

A．are considered

B．will be considering

C．will have considered

D．would have considered

41．I______to visit them yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.

A．planned

B．had planned

C．did plan

D．was planning

42．John and I________neighbors since we__________children.

A．are/were

B．were/have been

C．have been/are

D．have been/were

43．The plumber________here yet? Yes, but he only________for thirty minutes.

A．has been/has stayed

B．was/has stayed

C．has been/stayed

D．was/stayed

44．Many years ago, he_____in Paris with his uncle for a long period of time.

A．had been living

B．had lived

C．lived

D．has been living

45．How long_______here? I_______you come in.

A．do you sit/haven't seen

B．did you sit/did not see

C．have you sat/have not seen

D．have you been sitting/did not see

46．I_____a great deal_______I came to England.

A．have learned/before

B．have learned/since

C．learned/since

D．learn/after

47．I_____there five minutes when all the lights________out.

A．was/went

B．had been/went

C．have been/go

D．have been/went

48．I______this crossword puzzle for the last hour, but I________half of it yet.

A．am doing/haven't finished

B．have been doing/haven't finished

C．did/didn't finish

D．had done/didn't finish

49．Great as Newton was, many of his ideas________today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.

A．are to challenge

B．may be challenged

C．are challenging

D．have been challenged

50．It's reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory________by about 10%.

A．will have risen

B．has risen

C．will be rising

D．has been rising

51．That was the first time the old lady______her suffering to others.

A．was telling

B．had told

C．have told

D．told

52．I______to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.

A．mean

B．have meant

C．meant

D．had meant

53．The Olympic Games, first celebrated in Athens in 1896,_________every four years so far this century, except during the two world wars.

A．are held

B．were held

C．had been held

D．have been held

54．It's the third time I_____this particular aspect of grammar.

A．explain

B．explained

C．have explained

D．will explain

55．On her next anniversary she_______married for 25 years.

A．will be

B．will have been

C．has been

D．is being

56．In two years' time he______his master's degree in chemistry.

A．has completed

B．will be completing

C．will have completed

D．will have been completing

57．She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she________too long.

A．has been reading

B．had read

C．is reading

D．read

58．It seems oil______from this pipe for some time, we'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.

A．had leaked

B．is leaking

C．leaked

D．has been leaking

59．_____a rapid development in the application of laser over the last twenty year.

A．There is

B．There will be

C．There has been

D．There had been

60．By the end of this term, David_______Chinese for four years, but he will still need more training and experience before he masters the language.

A．will be studying

B．has studied

C．will have been studying　D. has been studying

61．"I think the milkman sent us the wrong bottle." "It's likely. They______that many times before."

A．do

B．done

C．have done

D．are doing

62．By the year 2020, scientists probably_____a cure for cancer.

A．have found

B．will have found

C．will be finding

D．are finding

63．I was lucky actually because that was the second time I________China that year.

A．have visited

B．visited

C．had visited

D．would visit

64．When the robber came in, carrying the sword, most of the passengers looked up in surprise, because they_______anything like it before.

A．didn't see

B．have never seen

C．never saw

D．had never seen

65．If the population of the Earth goes on increasing at its present rate, by the middle of the 21st century, we________all the oil that drives our cars.

A．will use up

B．will have been using up

C．will have used up

D．have used up

66．"Let's hurry. The manager is coming." "Oh, I was afraid that we_____."

A．already miss him

B．had already missed him

C．will miss him already

D．have already missed him

67．This is the first time that I_______really relaxed for weeks.

A．had felt

B．feel

C．have felt

D．shall feel

68．By the time the fire engine arrived, the house______to the ground.

A．burned

B．had burned

C．has burned

D．should have burned

69．Ever since the painter's paintings went on exhibit, there______large crowds at the museum every day.

A．is

B．has been

C．have been

D．are being

70．Until then, Jack's family______from him for more than a year.

A．hadn't heard

B．hasn't heard

C．didn't hear

D．hasn't been hearing

71．Pick me up at 6 o'clock. I_______my bath by then.

A．may have

B．can have had

C．will be having

D．will have had

72．By the time James_______back from his holiday the milkman will have left twenty bottles of milk outside his doors.

A．will get

B．has got

C．will be getting

D．will have got

73．It is amazing that the Leaning Tower of Pisa________for so long.

A．have stood

B．stands

C．has been standing

D．should have stood

74．She answered the door________a magazine she______.

A．carried/read

B．carrying/had been reading

C．carrying/had read

D．carried/was reading

请把下列各句中的中文翻译成英文。

75．近一个月来，Jim每天半夜都要给我打电话，向我诉苦，让我真的很烦！

76．我们谈恋爱有三年了。

77．最近物价一直看涨，不知是否会一直这样。

78．最近又在熬夜？

79．那话你都说了有五年了。

80．我计划这次旅行有一年多了，并且和他讨论了很多次。

81．自从上大学以来，我一直坚持早起。

82．A: Have you had a chance to wear your new shirt yet?

B: That reminds me. 我一直想换个大号的。

83．A：我一直想检查一下眼睛。I just haven't gotten around to it yet.

B: Why don't you call for an appointment right away? Once on your calendar you will get it done.

84．A：自从我一个人搬了那个很重的书桌以来，到现在，我肩膀疼了两三个星期了。

B: If it hasn't gotten better by now you should have it looked at.

85．A：今年你一直住在校外的，是吧？

B: Yes, and I'm going to next year too. It's so much nicer than living in the dormitory.

86．A: You ought to see a doctor about that cough.

B: I guess I should. 我已经拖了好几天了。





Chapter 7

第七章　虚拟语气



* * *




语气（mood）是英文中谓语动词的一种变化形式，用来表示说话者的意图和态度。英文中的语气可分为三种：陈述语气（indicative mood）、祈使语气（imperative mood）和虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）。在一些场合里，当说话者谈到自己与实际情况相反的情况时，或者主观想象某事有可能发生时，或建议、要求某事发生时，就需要借助虚拟语气来表达这些心态。

虚拟语气的确比较复杂。读者在开始学习虚拟语气的时候，往往会被其较为复杂的不同形式的谓语动词变化弄得晕头转向，混淆不清。为此，请读者一定要首先了解本章的讲解思路：本章首先向读者介绍三种最基本的虚拟语气的谓语形式，即将来虚拟、现在虚拟和过去虚拟，然后介绍混合虚拟句、倒装虚拟句、跳层虚拟句，最后介绍名词从句中如何使用虚拟，以及各种要求采用虚拟语气的句型结构。具体来说，本章各节内容安排如下：

7.1　引言

7.2　将来虚拟（ZjCj）

7.3　现在虚拟（ZxCx）

7.4　过去虚拟（ZgCg）

7.5　混合虚拟（一）：主句现在＋从句过去（ZxCg）

7.6　混合虚拟（二）：主句过去＋从句现在（ZgCx）

7.7　倒装虚拟

7.8　跳层虚拟

7.9　名词从句中如何使用虚拟

7.10　各种虚拟句型



* * *





7.1　引　言

7.1.1　把U和I放在一起

相信大家都知道，英语中有26个字母，也知道这26个字母在字母表中的顺序，那就是A，B，C，D，E...X，Y，Z。大家知道，字母排序是固定的，不可随意更改的。但是如果给你一个把字母表重新排序的机会，你会怎样排序呢？或者说，你愿意将哪两个字母放在一起并且使它们有意义呢？也许有人会说，可以把W和C放在一起，这样便构成WC（厕所），很有意义。但是，“如果我能把字母表重新排序，我会把U和I放在一起”：

If I could rearrange the alphabet, I would put U and I together.

U和I在一起不就是“你”和“我”永远在一起嘛。当然，这只是一句玩笑话。我们是不可能改变英文字母表的顺序的。既然是不能，那上面所作的假设就是一种与事实相反的情况，或者说是一种假想的情形。这只是表示说话者的一种主观愿望、假想和建议等等，实际上并不能实现。这在英语里，用语法术语表达就叫“虚拟语气”。下面来看英文是怎样通过谓语动词的变形来传达这种虚拟假设的：

If I could rearrange the alphabet, I would put U and I together.

从上面的例句可以看到，if引导的从句的谓语动词用了“一般过去时态（could）”，而主句的谓语动词用“would接动词原形（put）”。实际上，英文中的虚拟语气的谓语变形比这要复杂，本章将会详细讨论。

一般来讲，英语中的虚拟语气可以分为两大体系：一是表示与事实相反的或假想的情形，通常由if引导，叫做“非真实条件句（unreal conditional）”，或者叫“虚拟条件句”；另一个体系是在名词从句中使用虚拟语气，表示建议、命令或要求等语气，这是一个完全不同于非真实条件句的虚拟的结构形式。虚拟语气的重点和难点都集中在虚拟条件句中，我们接下来就先对它进行简要介绍，然后在后面的各节中进行详细和深入的讨论。

7.1.2　虚拟条件句：两类三时

这里说的“两类三时”是指虚拟条件句具有两种类型，并会对三种时间进行虚拟。具体来说，虚拟条件句的两种类型是：假设条件句（hypothetical）和事实相反句（counterfactual）。

假设条件句，顾名思义，是表示一种假想的情形，表示说话者的一种主观愿望或态度等，实现的可能性不大或极小。

事实相反句，顾名思义，是表示与现在或过去的某个事实相反的情形。

对三种时间进行虚拟，即是对将来、现在和过去这三种时间的虚拟。

现在来分析“两类型”与“三时间”之间的关系，即假设条件句和事实相反句如何与将来、现在、过去这三个时间发生相互作用。

将来时间：将来的情形还没有发生，因而不可能成为一个事实，即谈到将来的一切情形都不是一个事实。因此，对于将来时间的虚拟不可能以事实为基础，而只能是表达说话人的一个设想或愿望。所以，对于将来的虚拟只适用于假设条件句，而不可能表达一个与事实相反的虚拟。

现在时间：对于现在的情形，既可能是事实，也可能是假设条件。因此，假设条件句和事实相反句适用于谈现在的情况。

过去时间：既然是过去了，那么谈到的一切情况都已既成事实，所以过去虚拟表达的是一个与过去事实相反的情形。

简言之，对于将来的情形只能是假设；对于现在的情形既可以是假设，也可以是谈与现在事实相反的情况；对于过去，只能是谈与事实相反的情形。下面先简单举几个例句来说明上面讨论过的观点，以便让读者更好地理解。请看例句：

1　If I were to have the time tomorrow, I would help him.

妙语点睛

这里是表示将来虚拟假设的情形。用了虚拟，就表明说话人“我”认为自己明天有时间的可能性不大，所以言外之意是“我”可能帮不了他。这里用虚拟只是说明可能性不大（unlikely），而不是表达与事实相违背的不可能的情形（impossible）。

精品译文

如果我明天有时间，我就会帮他的。

2　If I had the time now, I would help him.

妙语点睛

这里是表示现在虚拟假设的情形。用了虚拟，就表明说话人“我”认为自己现在有时间的可能性不大，所以言外之意是“我”可能帮不了他。这里用虚拟也只是说明可能性不大（unlikely），而不是表达与事实相违背的不可能的情形（impossible）。比如“我”现在完全可以抛开一切事情不做而去帮他，所以可能性还是存在的。

精品译文

如果我现在有时间，我就会帮他的。

3　If I were you, I would help him.

妙语点睛

这里是表示与现在事实相反的情形。因为“我”成为“你”是不可能发生的（impossible）情形，而不是可能性不大（unlikely）的情形了。

精品译文

如果我是你，我就会帮他的。

再来看下面三个表示与现在事实相反的情形：

4　If I were the President, I would make some changes.

妙语点睛

“我”现在不是“总统”，这是一个现在的事实，即这里是表示与现在事实相反的情形。

精品译文

如果我是总统，我就会做一些改革。

5　If my grandfather were alive today, he would experience a very different world.

妙语点睛

“我爷爷”现在已经去世（即my grandfather is not alive today），这是一个现在的事实，即这里是表示与现在事实相反的情形。

精品译文

如果我爷爷现在还活着，那他就会经历一个完全不同的世界了。

6　If my grandfather were here now, he would be angry.

妙语点睛

“我爷爷”现在不在这里，这是一个现在的事实，即这里是表示与现在事实相反的情形。

精品译文

如果我爷爷现在在这里，他会很生气的。

来看表示对过去事实虚拟的句子：

7　If I had had the time yesterday, I would have helped him.

妙语点睛

“我”昨天没有时间，这已成为一个确立的事实，不可更改。这里说“如果我昨天有时间的话”显然是与这个过去的事实相违背的情形。

精品译文

昨天我要是有时间的话，我就会帮他了。

综上所述，假设条件句表达的是一种在将来或现在可能性不大（unlikely）的情形，但不是不可能（impossible）的情形，表示说话人认为不可能，是一种比较主观的表达，而不是与客观事实相反。它尤其用来谈将来的情形，也可以谈现在。事实相反句表达的是一种与现在或过去的事实相违背的情形，因此是不可能发生的，而不是可能性不大。它适合谈现在或过去。由此可见，谈将来的情形，只能是假设条件句；谈现在的情形，既可能是假设条件句，也可能是事实相反句；谈过去的情形，只能是事实相反句。

7.1.3　虚拟条件句的谓语变化

我们在上一小节中讨论了两种类型的虚拟句（即假设条件句和事实相反句）与将来、现在、过去这三种时间的关系，但对于英语学习者来说，重要的不是如何区分两种类型的虚拟句，而是要弄清楚在三种不同时间的情况下，虚拟句的主句和从句的谓语动词的复杂变形。

现在把三种不同时间下的主、从句的谓语形式列表如下：



注：1．我们用汉语拼音字母Z表示主句，C表示从句；

2．我们用汉语拼音字母j表示将来时间，x表示现在时间，g表示过去时间；

3．因此，Zj表示主句为将来虚拟，Zx表示主句为现在虚拟，Zg表示主句为过去虚拟；Cj表示从句为将来虚拟，Cx表示从句为现在虚拟，Cg表示从句为过去虚拟。

以上采用汉语拼音的首字母来标注主从句以及将来、现在、过去，是为了便于读者记忆，因为上面表格中的6种不同的谓语形式，必须牢牢记住，它们是正确使用虚拟语气的起点。尤其是现在和过去的四种谓语形式，更需要分别牢牢记住。这里强调要“分别”记住，是因为在实际的使用中，主从句的谓语可能会有以下四种不同的搭配组合（以would为例）：