我找工作找了将近半年，最后得到了一家网络公司的聘用。

二、过去的近期延续事件

比如上一小节讨论过的这个例子：

3　A: Don't you think Prof. Morison's test was too difficult?

B: Well, I must admit I had been expecting more than just a passing grade in biology.

A：你不觉得莫里森教授上次的那个测验并不是太难吗？

B：是啊，我得承认，我当时还想着那次生物考试刚刚及格就可以了呢。

再比如：

4　He looked so tired. I knew he had been studying for the final exams.

他当时看起来很累，我知道他一直在忙着准备期末考试。

三、过去说话时刻在延续的事件

5　Snowflakes had been falling past my window for several hours when it came time to leave for class. I pulled on two sweaters, a coat, a wool hat and boots, making for the bus stop. In this December storm it was a hard journey. As I tied around my neck the blue scarf that Grandma had knitted for me, I could almost hear her voice, "Why don't you see if you can find a lift?"

妙语点睛

这里的came表示过去，所以谈论在此之前的一直在延续的事件，就要用过去完成进行时，所以这里用了had been falling，表示在说话的时刻，窗外的雪依然在下着。

精品译文

窗外的雪花纷纷扬扬地下了几个小时，上学的时间到了。我穿上两件毛衣，一件外套，头戴帽子，脚穿棉靴向公交车站走去。在12月份的这种暴风雪的天气里，这是一段艰难的路程。我用祖母为我织的蓝色围巾把脖子围紧，耳边似乎响起了她的声音：“为什么不看看是否能搭个便车呢？”

6　He told me he had been working on the report for hours and hadn't finished it yet. He was still working on it.

他告诉我，那个报告他已经写了好几个小时了，但还没有完成，他还在写。

7　He told me he had been hunting for a room since noon but with no success.

他告诉我，他从中午开始就在找住处，但一直没找到。

8　He finally showed up at nine o'clock. I had been waiting for him since six o'clock.

他最终在9点钟的时候出现了，我从6点钟开始就在等他。

9　When she arrived, I had been waiting in the cold for three hours.

她到的时候，我已经在寒冷的天气里等了她三个小时了。

10　The plane, which had been waiting on the runway for hours, finally got clearance for take off.

飞机已经在跑道上等了几个小时了，终于获准起飞。

四、过去刚刚在延续的事件

11　She answered the door carrying a magazine she had been reading.

妙语点睛

这里的过去完成进行时had been reading用得非常贴切，表示一个过去刚刚在延续的事件，即在有人敲门之前，她一直在看一本杂志。所以，整句话的意思是“她应声去开门，手里还拿着一本刚刚一直在看的杂志”。

如果这里改为过去完成时had read，则表示杂志早已读过，那么整个句子的意思就变成“她拿着一本早已读过的杂志去开门”，这听起来显然有些奇怪，不符合正常的逻辑。

精品译文

她应声去开门，手里还拿着一本刚刚一直在看的杂志。

12　When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was untidy and one of them had a black eye. I knew they had been fighting. 当时，那些男孩子走进屋里，他们的衣服很脏，头发也很乱，有个人还是个乌眼青，所以我就知道他们刚刚打架了。

13　There was nobody in the room but there was a smell of cigarettes. Somebody had been smoking in the room.

当时房间里没人但是有烟味，我知道，房间里刚刚有人抽过烟。

14　Mary's eyes were red. She had been crying. 当时玛丽的眼睛红红的，她刚刚哭过。

15　My face was hot and red because I had been lying in the sun.

当时我的脸又红又热，因为我刚刚一直在躺着晒太阳。

6.8.2　在过去时刻重复发生的事件

过去完成进行时可表示重复发生的动作。具体来说，就是表示过去某一时刻之前的一段时间内重复发生的活动。

下面这篇文章讲的是牛顿看到苹果落下，从而发现万有引力的故事。文章的观点是，科学的发展更多地依赖于科学家头脑的准备而不是科学实验。比如牛顿看到苹果落下就能发现万有引力，那是因为他多年以来一直在研究天体运动的引力问题，即他的头脑已为发现引力做好了准备。而普通人因为头脑里没有这样的准备，所以看到苹果落地可能会很快捡起来吃掉，而不会去想什么引力的问题。请看这个短文：

1　Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn't they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.

妙语点睛

这里的had been falling和had been asking是表示一个长期的重复活动，而不是延续事件。另外，这里had seen也是表示重复活动，但由于主语thousands of people表明了具体次数，即动作被分割，所以不能说had been seeing。

精品译文

实际上，科学的发展更多的是取决于观察科学实验的科学家的头脑的准备，而不是实验本身的准备。据说牛顿是因为观察到了苹果落下，然后才发现万有引力的。苹果落地这一现象在许多地方发生了几个世纪了，成千上万的人也都看到过苹果落地。但是因为牛顿多少年以来都在研究月球和行星沿着一定轨道运动的原因——是什么保持它们在适当的位置运动的？它们为什么不会落到宇宙空间的外面去？苹果向下落到地面上而不是向上掉进树里面，正好可以回答他长期以来一直在问自己的问题：像月球和行星这样的天体中的“大苹果”是如何运动的。

2　He had been gambling for two years before his wife found out.

妙语点睛

这里的had been gambling是表示一个长期的重复活动，而不是延续事件。

精品译文

在他妻子发现之前，他赌博有两年了。

3　I had been trying to get her on the phone. Finally she gave me a call.

我当时一直试着打电话找她，最后她给我回了个电话。

同样，这里的重复动作不能说出具体的次数。例如不能这样说：

I had been trying five times to get her on the phone. Finally she gave me a call.*

要表示具体次数，须改为过去完成时：

I had tried five times to get her on the phone before she finally gave me a call.

我曾打了五次电话去找她，最后她终于给我回了电话。



思维训练

Exercise 6.8

请用括号中动词的适当形式填空。

Firemen_________(fight) the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control. A short time before, great trees________(cover) the countryside for miles around. Now, smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills. Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well. When the fire________at last__________(put out), the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly. The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by airplanes. The planes__________(plant) seed for nearly a month when it began to rain. By then, however, in many places the grass__________(already, take root). In place of the great trees which________(grow) there for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.





6.9　将来完成进行时

将来完成进行时的用法与现在完成进行时基本相同，只是将“坐标时间”移到了将来。同样是强调动作的持续性，表示开始于将来某个时刻之前的动作持续到将来这一时刻，并可能继续持续下去。从时间的角度来看，将来完成进行时需要在上下文中有将来的时间坐标，这类似于过去完成进行时的过去的时间坐标。通常用“by＋将来时间”或者是“by the time＋从句（从句谓语用一般现在时）”来给出一个将来的时间坐标。请看例句：

1　My brother has promised to help me study for my exam tomorrow. I get home from school at 3:00 and he gets home from school at 5:00. I will have been studying for two hours by the time he gets home.

妙语点睛

这里是“by the time＋从句”结构给出的将来的时间坐标，从句的谓语gets是一般现在时态，但表示将来的动作。然后在这个将来时间的基础上谈论之前的一个延续事件——一直在学习（到5:00时，studying的活动仍将持续），此时就要用将来完成进行时will have been studying这一较为复杂的动词形式。

图解：



精品译文

我哥哥答应帮我学习，以准备明天的考试。我下午3点放学回家，他则是下午5点回家。所以，等他到家后，我将一直学习了两个小时了。

再看其他类似的例句：

一、长期延续的事件：

2　I'm retiring this fall. By then I'll have been teaching for 30 years.

我将于今年秋天退休，到那时，我教书就将有30年了。

3　She will have been taking care of her blind husband for 20 years by then.

到那时，她照顾她双目失明的丈夫就将有20年了。

二、说话时刻在延续的事件

4　I'm getting tired of sitting in the car. Do you realize that by the time we arrive in Beijing, we will have been driving for twenty straight hours?

我在车里都坐得累了。你有没有想到，等我们到北京的时候，我们就将一直不停地开了20个小时车了？

以上是将来完成进行时表示延续事件。将来完成进行时同样可以表示重复事件，即表示在将来某个时间之前经常重复的动作。请看例句：

5　The old man will have been getting up at 4:00 for ten years by next month.

到下个月，这老头坚持早晨4:00起床就将长达10年时间了。

6　I will have been attending Professor Smith's lectures for half a year by next week.

到下个星期，我听史密斯教授的讲座就将有半年了。

7　By tomorrow I will have been doing morning exercises for 100 days.

到明天，我坚持做早操就将有100天了。



写给读者的话



* * *



一、本章学习思路

本章内容与第五章“完成时态”密切相关。因此，读者在学习本章的过程中，要将二者结合起来比较，尤其是要重点读懂本章6.7节的内容。因为在这一节里，我们对完成进行时与完成时作了全面的比较。通过对完成进行时的学习，读者也会更加深刻地理解完成时态的用法。如果读者对于第五章的内容掌握得很好，那么学习本章就会感到比较轻松。

二、本章重点及难点

要重点掌握下面这些内容：

1．掌握四种不同持续时间的延续事件；

2．理解完成进行时“刚刚在延续的事件”与完成时“单一事件”的异同点；

3．理解有限延续动词可能表示“延续事件”（接表达较短时间的状语）或“重复事件”（接表达较长时间的状语）；

4．理解为何完成进行时表示重复活动时不能被分隔；

5．理解完成进行时强调“延续过程”和完成时强调“成果”，并掌握由此产生的二者多方面的区别。

三、本章学习时间安排

由于本章与第五章“完成时态”密切相关，因此，读者在学习本章内容的过程中需要不断地结合完成时态的相关用法，逐一比较。这样一来，本章的学习时间可能会比较长。建议读者用8天左右的时间，先看一遍本章讲解的内容，然后再结合第五章“完成时态”，将二者进行详细的比较，这也相当于是对完成时态的复习。



* * *





综合练习

请用适当的时态填空

1．This morning I came to class at 9:00. Right now it is 10:00, and I am still in class. I______(sit) at this desk for an hour. By 9:30, I_______(sit) here for half an hour. By 11:00, I______(sit) here for two hours.

2．It is midnight. I_______(study) for five straight hours. No wonder I'm getting tired.

3．It was midnight. I______(study) for five straight hours. No wonder I was getting tired.

4．Clint woke up in the middle of last night. He was frightened and didn't know where he was. He______(dream).

5．When I got home, I saw Clint was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off. He______(watch) TV.

6．He finally showed up at nine o'clock. I______(wait) for him since six o'clock.

7．We were good friends. We______(know) each other for a long time.

8．When I arrived, my girlfriend was waiting for me. She was rather annoyed with me because I was late and she________(wait) for a very long time on such a windy day.

9．Yesterday I saw Leon sitting on the ground. He was out of breath. He_______(run).

10．Your eyes are red. You______(cry)?

11．Her eyes were red. It was obvious she_______(cry).

12．My legs were stiff because I_____(sit) in the same position too long.

13．My legs are stiff because I______(sit) in the same position too long.

14．A: Don't you think Prof. Morison's test was too difficult?

B: Well, I must admit I______(expect) more than just a passing grade in biology.

15．A: I kept looking for Mary at the seminar but never did see her. I can't imagine she forgot about it and she________(talk) about it for weeks.

B: Oh she didn't. It's just that she caught a really bad cold a couple of days ago.

16．A:____you______(have) a chance to wear your new shirt yet?

B: That reminds me. I______(mean) to exchange it for a larger size.

17．Titanic的发掘：

In 1912, the "unsinkable" luxury ship Titanic______(hit) an iceberg and________(sink) to the bottom of the sea. Its final resting place______(remain) a mystery for more than 70 years. You probably already know that tragic story. But do you know the whole story? Do you know who finally______(discover) the wreck of the Titanic?

Robert Ballard, of course. Who's Ballard? He's an explorer who______(see) more of the ocean floor than anyone in history. He_______(explore) under the ocean waves for more than 30 years!

18．谈辞职：

A: So why would you want to leave?

B: Because I feel you_______(treat) me like a person with no options.

A: Huh?

B: I mean, I______(not, have) a raise in three years, or the chance to do anything new or creative. I feel stagnant. Now, if we could do something to change that...

A: George, maybe I_______(take) you for granted. If I gave you a good raise and some new responsibilities, would you stay?

B: I'd certainly consider it. Let's talk about it some more.

19．谈转学：

A: I'm thinking about transferring out of state college into another school in the spring.

B: After only a year and a half? How come? I_______(think) you_______(like) it here.

A: I do. But our commercial art department only________(give) associate degrees.

B: And you want a bachelor's, right?

A: Right!

B: So where do you want to go?

A: I________(think) about Westwater University. It has an excellent reputation.

But it's probably very selective.

B: But you______(get) good grades in the three semesters since you_______(be) in here at the state college, haven't you?

A: Yeah, mostly As in my major and a few Bs in sciences.

B: So what are you worried about? Just ask your art professors to write letters of recommendation for you and give you portfolio together, and you'll be set.

20．谈旅游：

A: I_______(study) too much and need a change. So I'm just making plans to go away during January break.

B: Really? Where are you going?

A: I____(plan) to visit New Mexico.

B: My sister and I____(have) the vacation there last year and we had a great time.

A:____you______(get) into Albuquerque?

B: Sure. Whenever we were skating.

21．牛顿的故事：

Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly________(discover) gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples__________(fall) in many places for centuries and thousands of people________(see) them fall. But Newton for years________(be) curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn't they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he______(ask) himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.

22．超速被罚：

A: Can I see your license and registration please?

B: What's the matter, officer? Did I do something wrong?

A: You_______(speed).

B: I______(speed)?

A: You certainly were. Do you have any idea how fast you_______(go)?

B: I'm not sure, but I think I_______(go) about 35.

A: This street is in a 25-mile-per-hour speed zone, you know.

B: It is?

A: In this state, the speed limit in residential area is 25 unless otherwise posted. Besides, there are signs all along this street.

B: I'm sorry, officer, I guess I____(not, notice). I was thinking about my job interview. I'm on my way to it right now and I________(not, plan) to come this way.

A: What do you mean?

B: Well, I____(go) to come down Elm Street but the traffic was really backed up. There was some kind of construction going on. I turned on to a side street and ended up here. Give me a break. I'm nervous enough as it is.

请选择最佳答案填空

23．I can't believe it, inspector. You mean that Smith_______money from the till all this time!

A．stole

B．has stolen

C．has been stealing

D．steals

24．You three boys look very guilty! What_______since I_______the room?

A．did you do/have left

B．have you done/left

C．have you been doing/left

D．have you been doing/have left

25．A: You look great since you______those exercise classes.

B: Thanks. I've never felt better in my life.

A．took

B．have been taking

C．take

D．are taking

26．A: Are you keeping current on the news from home since you______here?

B: I_______weekly updates.

A．was/have got

B．have been/have been getting

C．was/have been getting

D．have been/have got

27．I'm having problems with David. He_______me up in the middle of the night and________me his troubles.

A．has called/told

B．has been calling/telling

C．has been calling/told

D．called/told

28．I feel really tired. I______the garden for the last three hours and I________for a single moment.

A．weeded/didn't rest

B．have weeded/haven't rested

C．have been weeding/haven't rested

D．have been weeding/didn't rest

29．Don't forget that you________Mrs. Dawson. She________outside since 10:30.

A．didn't see/has waited

B．haven't seen/has waited

C．haven't seen/has been waiting