妙语点睛　这里有两个宾语从句，一个是how引导的how well it can control expression，另一个是whether引导的whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude，二者都是放在介词in后面作宾语。

精品译文　他在《华尔街日报》的一个专栏中写道：“对任何民主社会的检验不在于它能多有效地控制言论的自由表达，而在于它是否能最大限度地赋予思想自由和表达自由，尽管其结果有时可能会非常有争议和令人不悦。面对威胁，我们不会退缩”。

4　In recent years, the debate over whether fossil-appearing objects from Mars were, in fact, indicators of past or present life on that planet has prompted many to ask whether people are ready, psychologically, to accept the possibility of life elsewhere.

妙语点睛　这里有两个whether引导的从句，一个是作介词over的宾语，另一个是作动词ask的宾语，即两个都是宾语从句，但所处的位置不同。

精品译文　近几年，人们在火星上发现有类似化石的物体，这些物体是否就能表明火星上过去或现在存在生命，对此人们一直在争论。此争议也让很多人不禁要问：我们是否已经在心理上准备好接受地球以外存在生命的可能性。

我们再来看下面这道四级考试真题：

5　I will give this dictionary to 　　　 wants to have it.

A. whomever

B. someone

C. whoever

D. anyone

正确答案　C。

妙语点睛　本题考查名词从句的引导词。很多考生因为看到介词to，就认为应该填宾格形式的连词，因此选择A。其实这是错误的，因为这里的介词to后面接的不是单独的一个连词，而是由连词引导的一个宾语从句。这里的宾语从句是 　　　 wants to have it，显然从句缺主语，因此应该用主格形式的连词whoever，故C正确。所以，这道题的关键是要看到作介词to的宾语是whoever wants to have it这个宾语从句。

精品译文　谁想要这本词典，我就给谁。

1.3.5　宾语从句后置

宾语从句若出现在复合宾语结构中，此时的宾语从句被置于补足语后面了，因此是一个后置的宾语从句，即“动词+it形式宾语+宾语补足语+that宾语从句”。请看例句：

1　We believe it true that the human body is also a kind of good conductor.

妙语点睛　这里就是一个后置的宾语从句结构，用it来指代这个被后置的宾语从句that the human body is also a kind of good conductor。形容词true作宾语补足语。

精品译文　人体也是一种良导体，我们认为这是对的。

2　We must make it clear that the parties involved are to make every effort to curb the pollution.

妙语点睛　这里就是一个后置的宾语从句结构，用it来指代这个被后置的宾语从句that the parties involved are to make every effort to curb the pollution。形容词clear作宾语补足语。

精品译文　我们必须强调清楚，有关部门要尽一切努力来治理污染。

3　There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources.

妙语点睛　这里就是一个后置的宾语从句结构，用it来指代这个被后置的宾语从句。形容词questionable作宾语补足语。

精品译文　这些与防御有关的研究项目会不会说明生活水平的提高，或者会不会有利于保护我们日益减少的资源，对此，有人持怀疑态度。

1.3.6　that在宾语从句中省略的问题

一般来讲，that引导宾语从句时，可将that省去。但若是几个宾语从句并列使用，则连词that一般都不可省去。原因很简单，有了that的“指路牌”的作用（详见《英语语法新思维中级教程——通悟语法》中2.1.2小节的内容），便于读者快速判断句子结构。请看例句：

1　I once read that "the beauty of life is its changes" and that "the art of life lies in a constant readjustment to our surroundings".

妙语点睛　句中含有多个that从句，连词that一般不省去。这里两个that从句作read的宾语，即构成并列的宾语从句。

精品译文　我曾经读到过这样一句话：“生活的魅力在于变化，而生活的艺术在于不断地适应周围环境的变化。”

2　For various reasons, many women are emotionally needy, and they sometimes seek sex outside of marriage to confirm that they are okay, that they are beautiful and desirable, that they are sexy, and that somebody loves them for the real women they are rather than for their cooking, housecleaning and child-rearing abilities.

妙语点睛　句中含有多个that从句，连词that一般不省去。这里四个that从句作confirm的宾语，即构成并列的宾语从句。

精品译文　出于种种原因，许多女人缺少感情上的慰藉，她们有时候寻找婚外性伴侣以证明自己还不错、挺漂亮、富于魅力并且很性感。她们需要证明，男人爱她们是因为她们本人而不是因为她们的烹饪、理家以及照顾孩子的能力。

思维总结

熟悉宾语从句在主句中的不同位置特点，注意宾语从句的后置结构，了解连词that省略的规则。

思维训练

Exercise 1.3

选择最佳答案填空。

1. He asked me 　　　 I intended to do after my graduation.

A. that what

B. what

C. that

D. which

2. Listening carefully to 　　　 in class means less work later.

A. what does the teacher say

B. what the teacher says

C. that the teacher says

D. which the teacher says

3. John didn't say 　　　 he would return, but I presume he'll be back for dinner.

A. that when

B. when

C. if or not

D. where

4. After the accident, I opened my eyes slowly and realized 　　　 I was still alive.

A. that

B. whether

C. what

D. which

5. No one knows exactly 　　　.

A. how did speech begin

B. how speech began

C. how the beginning of speech

D. of how beginning speech

6. He wondered 　　　.

A. what will be his wife's reaction

B. what would his wife's reaction be

C. how would be his wife's reaction

D. what his wife's reaction would be

7. A popular belief 　　　 radio and television have homogenized the language of the United States.

A. states that

B. that is stated

C. that states

D. stating that

8. I don't care 　　　 we are invited to the dinner.

A. if or not

B. whether or not

C. what

D. that

9. Chinese officials made 　　　 clear that there could be no normalization of relation until the United States terminated diplomatic relations with Taiwan.

A. that

B. them

C. it

D. this

10. He is wondering 　　　 a doctor.

A. whether or not he should see

B. that he should see or not

C. if or not he should see

D. if to see or not





1.4　表语从句

表语从句比较简单，通常就是将从句置于系动词，尤其是be动词（如is或was）后面。请看例句：

1　Most people get married believing a myth--that marriage is a beautiful box full of all the things they have longed for: companionship, sexual fulfillment, intimacy, and friendship. The truth is that marriage, at the start, is an empty box. You must put something in before you can take anything out. There is no love in marriage; love is in people, and people put it into marriage. There is no romance in marriage; people have to infuse it into their marriages. A couple must learn the art and form the habit of giving, loving, serving, praising--keeping the box full. If you take out more than you put in, the box will empty.

妙语点睛　这里的that从句是放在is后面作表语，即构成表语从句。

精品译文　很多人结婚时都误认为婚姻是一个美丽的宝盒，里边有他们一直渴望的一切：亲密的伙伴关系、性生活的满足、两人之间的卿卿我我以及友谊。但事实是，婚姻一开始是一个空盒子，你得先往里面放进一些东西，才能从里面取出东西。婚姻本身是没有爱的，爱在人的心里，因此人们必须往婚姻中注入爱。婚姻本身也没有浪漫，人们必须在自己的婚姻生活中制造浪漫。夫妻双方应该学会爱的艺术，养成这些良好的习惯：彼此付出、相爱、给予、赞美，让婚姻这个美丽的盒子总是满满的。如果我们的索取多于付出，婚姻这个盒子终究会变空。

很喜欢这段关于婚姻的文字，它告诉了我们一个简单的道理：美好的婚姻或爱情是需要我们用心呵护和经营的，这其中少不了理解、宽容、忍耐和付出，还有就是坚守，不要轻言放弃，因为历经磨难和考验的感情，才会格外的醇香、深厚，以至于无法割舍。这时的感情才臻至完美！

上面的例句中含有that引导的表语从句，下面我们再来看疑问句用作表语从句的例子。比如下面这句：

2　Women are much too preoccupied by family. Once the marriage begins to disintegrate, they're lost. That's where their unhappiness springs from and that's why most divorced mothers regard themselves as victims.

妙语点睛　这里的where从句和why从句放在is后面作表语，即构成表语从句。

精品译文　妇女们太专注于家庭了。一旦婚姻开始瓦解，她们就会失去方向，这就是她们不快乐的原因，也是为什么大多数离婚的母亲认为她们是受害者。

思维训练

Exercise 1.4

选择最佳答案填空。

1. The reason for my return is 　　　 I left my keys behind.

A. because

B. it

C. that

D. why

2. The mountain was 　　　 many animals, such as wolves, badges and rabbits once haunted but now it is so silent.

A. that place

B. where

C. what

D. then

3. The reason we're so late is 　　　.

A. because of the car breaking down

B. due the care broke down

C. that the car broke down

D. because the car broke down

4. The reason she failed in the exam was 　　　.

A. that she hadn't worked hard

B. because she hadn't worked hard

C. why she hadn't worked hard

D. because she was too careless

5. A hinge joint is 　　　 permits the forward and backward movement of a door.

A. what

B. that

C. which

D. where

6. Stopping pouring polluted water into the river is 　　　 the factory has to solve at present.

A. what

B. which

C. as

D. that





1.5　同位语从句

所谓同位语，就是用来补充说明名词的成分。当我们用一个完整的句子来补充说明名词时，即构成同位语从句。所以同位语从句都是位于一个名词后面，用来进一步说明前面的名词的内容，这个名词就是同位语从句的先行词。

1.5.1　同位语从句句型（一）：名词+that+陈述句

最常见的同位语从句句型是“名词+that+陈述句”。请看例句：

1　I have been left with the knowledge that it's better to expect nothing than to give everything and then be disappointed.

妙语点睛　这里的that从句用作同位语，来补充说明先行词knowledge。

精品译文　我从中懂得了，不抱任何期待比付出努力却最终失望要好。

这句话讲的就是我们都熟悉的一个道理，即期望越大失望往往就越大。读者以后若想表达这个意思，不妨用上这个句子。

2　A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.

妙语点睛　这里的that从句用作同位语，来补充说明先行词theory。

精品译文　一个世纪之前，弗洛伊德阐述了他具有革命性的理论，即梦是一种对我们潜意识里的欲望和恐惧所产生的内心深处的反映。

以上讨论的同位语从句都是紧跟在先行词后面的。但其实同位语从句与其所修饰的先行词还可能被其他成分隔开，形式上便形成“名词+其他成分+that+陈述句”这样的结构。这里的其他成分主要有两种：一类是先行词的定语，一类是句子的谓语，这两者都可能分隔先行词和同位语从句。这种被分隔开来的情形在阅读文章中是常见的，遇到时一定要认真分析，才能正确理解句子的意思。下面将分别举例讨论。

1.5.2　同位语从句句型（二）：名词+定语+that+陈述句

如果一个名词后面既有定语又有同位语从句，那么往往定语在前，同位语从句在后，这样便形成了先行词与同位语从句被定语分隔的结构，即“名词+定语+同位语从句”。请看例句：

1　The statement by the driver of the vehicle that he did not see the lorry was rejected by the Court.

图解难句



妙语点睛　这里的介词短语by the driver of the vehicle和同位语从句that he did not see the lorry共同修饰中心名词statement。具体来说，the statement by the driver of the vehicle表示“这位汽车司机的陈述”，即介词短语用来限定statement是由谁作出的；the statement...that he did not see the lorry表示“他说没有看见卡车这一陈述”，即同位语从句用来详细说明statement的内容是什么。所以我们看到，这里的先行词statement与同位语从句that he did not see the lorry被作定语的介词短语by the driver of the vehicle隔开。

精品译文　该汽车司机说自己没有看见卡车，但法庭对此并不相信。

2　The latest purported taped message from Osama Bin Laden has raised concern among European intelligence and law enforcement officials that their countries are now on his hit list.

图解难句



妙语点睛　这里的介词短语among European intelligence and law enforcement officials和同位语从句that their countries are now on his hit list共同修饰中心名词concern。具体来说，concern among European intelligence and law enforcement officials表示“引起欧洲情报部门及执法部门官员们的担忧”，即介词短语用来说明什么人会concern; concern...that their countries are now on his hit list表示“担忧他们的国家现在在他的袭击目标名单上”，即同位语从句用来详细说明concern的内容是什么。所以我们看到，这里的先行词concern与同位语从句that their countries are now on his hit list被作定语的介词短语among European intelligence and law enforcement officials隔开。

其实，读者不妨记住concern这个常用句型，即sth. has raised concern among sb. that+从句；如果不是从句，则接介词短语over sth.，表示“什么事情引起了什么人对另一件事的担忧”。

精品译文　最近，一盘据说是本·拉登本人声音的录音带引起了欧洲情报部门及执法部门官员们的担忧，他们担心自己的国家现在在他的袭击目标名单上。

1.5.3　同位语从句句型（三）：名词+谓语+that+陈述句

如果一个名词作主语，并且它后面还带有一个同位语从句，此时我们通常把这个同位语从句置于谓语的后面，而不是放在名词的后面，因而造成先行名词与同位语从句的分隔，结构是“作主语的先行词+谓语部分+同位语从句”。比如本章讨论的第一个例句：

1　Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.

妙语点睛　这里的先行词concerns与that引导的同位语从句被谓语were raised隔开。

精品译文　人们日益担心，证人可能会因此而受到鼓励，在法庭上夸大其词以保证陪审团对被告做出有罪的判决。

请看其他例句：

2　Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.

图解难句



evidence 主语中心词 主语

came up 谓语



that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old 补充说明evidence内容的同位语从句 主语


妙语点睛　这里的名词evidence作主语，且其后带有一个that引导的同位语从句，来补充说明evidence的详细内容，但这个同位语从句并没有紧跟在名词后面，而是被谓语came up隔开。注意：此处that引导的同位语从句不是作came up的宾语，因为came up是不及物动词，而是作evidence的同位语。

精品译文　有证据表明，六个月大的婴儿就能辨别出特定的说话声。

在《英语语法新思维中级教程——通悟语法》里我们说过，同位语从句主要是由that引导，而很少用whether以及连接代词或连接副词引导，这是因为我们多是用陈述句来补充说明名词的内容，而很少用一般疑问句或特殊疑问句来补充说明名词的内容。

思维总结

重点是掌握that引导的同位语从句，尤其是先行词与that从句被分隔的情况。

思维训练

Exercise 1.5

选择最佳答案填空。

1. There are signs 　　　 restaurants are becoming more popular with families.

A. that

B. which

C. in which

D. whose

2. Scientists have reached the conclusion 　　　 the temperature on Earth is getting higher and higher.

A. what

B. that

C. which

D. when

3. An idea came to her 　　　 she might do the experiment in another way.

A. that

B. what

C. when

D. which

4. Obviously there was little certainty 　　　 the chairman would agree to this proposal.

A. which

B. why

C. what

D. that

5. We were all overjoyed at the news 　　　 the experiment turned out a success.

A. which

B. that

C. when

D. what

6. The author wishes to call our attention 　　　 modern man has polluted his environment to such an extent that he might destroy himself if he went on like that.

A. to that

B. in that

C. to the fact which

D. to the fact that

7. Dreary months dragged by before the tragic news reached her 　　　 her beloved brother had been killed for anti-Nazi activities.

A. which

B. what

C. when

D. that





1.6　从句的“嵌套结构”

在一个复杂句子当中可能会同时含有多个名词从句，于是形成笔者称之为名词从句的“嵌套结构”。当然也可以是名词从句与定语从句或状语从句构成保护或被保护的关系，从而也形成“嵌套结构”。这样都会使句子变得更复杂，遇到时要仔细分析句子结构，方能理解句子的意思。至于如何快速理清句子结构，笔者提出了“连词与动词配比原则”。

1.6.1　名词从句的“嵌套结构”

所谓名词从句的“嵌套结构”，即指多个名词从句之间存在的包含与被包含的关系。请看例句：

1　I realized that what I said was not exactly what I meant to say.

妙语点睛　在that引导的宾语从句中同时含有what引导的主语从句what I said和what引导的表语从句what I meant to say。

精品译文　我后来意识到，当时所说的话并非是我真正想要说的。

2　The question is how what you have learned can be put into practice.

妙语点睛　在how引导的表语从句中含有what引导的主语从句what you have learned。how引导的从句的谓语是can be put into practice，而what引导的从句的谓语是have learned。

精品译文　问题是，你所学到的知识如何才能应用于实践。

我们再来看下面这道练习题：

3　Prof. Lee's book will show you 　　　 can be used in other contexts.

A. that you have observed

B. that how you have observed

C. how that you have observed

D. how what you have observed

正确答案　D。

妙语点睛　本题考查的就是多个名词从句的套用。这个句子的结构类似于上面第二个例句，都是在how引导的从句里嵌套了一个由what引导的主语从句。所不同的是，例句2里的how引导的从句是一个表语从句，这里的how引导的从句是宾语从句，作show的直接宾语。

精品译文　李教授的这本书能够让你知道如何把观察到的东西应用到其他场景中。

1.6.2　连词与动词的配比原则

对于复杂的名词从句，尤其是当一个复杂句子里“嵌套”有多个名词从句时，我们一定要注意弄清楚各个不同层次的名词从句之间的逻辑关系。此时我们往往就要借助于名词从句的谓语动词和连词来帮助我们断句。因此，在分析句子结构时，我们可以先找到句中的各个谓语动词，然后再找连词。又因为连词后面必然是从句，而从句中必然有谓语动词，因此，在每个连词后面必然要找到一个与之相应的从句的谓语动词。当把连词与对应的谓语动词划分清楚之后，整个难句的结构也就迎刃而解了。在英语中，有N个谓语动词，就会对应有N-1个连词以及N-1个对应的从句，这就是笔者提出的“连词与动词的配比原则”，也就是说，在英语句子中，谓语动词的个数一定是多于连词个数的，通常是多出一个，因为这个多出的动词就是主句的谓语动词。请看例句：