第二，定语从句和分词是最难的。结构复杂，内容多，二者有很多内容在理解和使用方面都比较难，所以读者对其中比较难的内容要有勇气攻克下来，多思考、多体会，或者向笔者咨询。不要因为难理解而轻易放弃。

第三，状语从句和不定式虽然不是最难的部分，但最为繁杂。理解起来虽然不是很困难，但内容多而杂乱。比如状语从句有九大类，有各种各样的连词用法；不定式则在句中可以充当各种成分，灵活多变。所以读者要有耐心，认真比较分析，不要混淆。

二、结束语

写到这里，《英语语法新思维》这套丛书的“高级”部分内容已接近尾声了。在“高级”这本书里，我们主要讨论了三大从句和三大非谓语以及它们之间的关系，总共包括七章内容。希望读者能够按照上面总结的这些关系特点来把握本书中的所有内容，在头脑里建立起清晰的英语语法框架，并在英语实践中灵活运用。

综合练习

选择最佳答案填空。

1. Oceans continually lose by evaporation much of the river water 　　　.

A. to constantly flow into them

B. is constantly flowing into them

C. constantly flows into them

D. constantly flowing into them

2. Tornadoes, powerful, destructive wind storms, occur most often in the spring when hot winds 　　　 over flat land encounter heavy, cold air.

A. which to rise

B. that rising

C. are rising

D. rising

3. In 1938 Pearl S. Buck became the first American woman 　　　 the Nobel Prize for Literature.

A. receive

B. received

C. to receive

D. she received

4. The first explorer 　　　 California by land was Strong Smith, a trapper who crossed the southwestern deserts of the United States in 1825.

A. that he reached

B. to reach

C. reached

D. reaching it

5. 　　　 often found in fruit and vegetables.

A. Vitamin C, a trace element that is

B. For vitamin C, a trace element to be

C. Vitamin C, a trace element, is

D. Vitamin C, is that trace element.

6. The Amazon rain forests, 　　　 the earth's lungs, convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere back into oxygen.

A. functioning as

B. which functioning as

C. functions as

D. functioned as

7. Through a process 　　　 coalescence, water droplets in clouds grow to a size large enough to fall to earth.

A. calls

B. to be called

C. calling

D. called

8. Penicillin, 　　　 in the early 20th century, brought in the golden age of chemotherapy.

A. to be discovered

B. discovering

C. discovery was

D. discovered

9. The mouse, like the keyboard, is a control device 　　　 to a computer.

A. connected

B. to connect it

C. and connect

D. that connect

10. An amendment to the Constitution 　　　 in Harry Truman's tenure limits the US presidency to two terms.

A. passing

B. to pass

C. passed

D. was passed

11. A reagent is any chemical that reacts in a predictable way 　　　 with other chemicals.

A. when mixed

B. when is mixed

C. it mixed

D. when mixing

12. A beam of light will not bend round corners unless 　　　 to do so with the help of a reflecting device.

A. made

B. to be made

C. being made

D. having made

13. As a general rule, snakes don't bite unless 　　　.

A. offended

B. are offended

C. they offended

D. offending

14. She had said little so far, responding only briefly when 　　　.

A. speaking

B. spoken

C. speaking to

D. spoken to

15. 　　　, his family moved to America.

A. When still a baby

B. When a baby still

C. When he was still a baby

D. When being still a baby

16. 　　　 native to Europe, the daisy has now spread throughout most of North America.

A. Although

B. If it were

C. In spite of

D. That it is

17. In its pure state antimony has no important uses, but 　　　 with other substances, it is an extremely useful metal.

A. when combined physically or chemically

B. combined when physically or chemically

C. the physical and chemical combination

D. it is combined physically and chemically

18. Although pure diamond is colorless and transparent, 　　　 with other material it may appear in various colors, ranging from pastels to opaque black.

A. but when contaminated

B. but when contaminating

C. when contaminated

D. when contaminating

19. 　　　 classified as a carnivore, the North American grizzly bear eats berries and even grass.

A. Just as

B. Because of

C. Although

D. Either

20. 　　　 usually thought to end in northern New Mexico, the Rocky Mountains really extend southward to the frontier of Mexico.

A. Despite

B. To be

C. While

D. However

21. Nearly all trees contain a mix of polymers that can burn like petroleum 　　　 properly extracted.

A. after

B. if

C. when it

D. is

22. Although 　　　 rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.

A. apparently

B. are apparently

C. apparently their

D. are they apparently

23. Although 　　　 of the world's oceans, the Atlantic has by far the largest drainage area.

A. the largest is not

B. not the largest

C. the largest not

D. largest not the





附录　答案解析



第一章　名词从句

Exercise 1.1

1. There is a popular saying that family instability causes social instability.

2. No one knows exactly whether/if there is life on other planets.

3. No one knew whether/if interest rates would rise.

4. I am interested in the question whether people will live on the moon someday.

5. No one knows for sure whether/if the gains will be greater than the losses.

6. My question is whether we have enough time to go to the movie.

7. September 11, 2001 started out as an ordinary day, but what happened that morning will be forever etched（铭刻）in our memories.

8. What we need is wholly new kind of police force.

9. Children often ask how bears survive winter.

10. What he told you is true.

11. Who will chair the meeting has not yet been decided.

12. When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decided.

13. Why he refused to cooperate with us is still a mystery.

14. How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is.

15. Could you tell me where the post office is?

16. We don't know why he did not come yesterday.

17. This is where our basic interest lies.

18. My question is where we are going to have our holidays.

19. A。空格作主语，而what必须作成分，所以要填入what。名词从句的连词which后边常常接名词连用；名词从句的连词that不能作成分。

20. B。第一个空格显然是that引导的宾语从句；第二个空格要充当said的宾语，故要填入what；第三个空格要充当say的宾语，故要填入what。因此，B正确。

21. B。空格作主语，而what必须作成分的，所以要填入what。因此，B正确。

22. C。空格不充当句子成分，只能是that。这是that引导的同位语从句。

23. that, what, what。第一个是that引导的定语从句，此时that充当从句的主语。后面两个都是what引导的表语从句，其中what冲当从句的主语。

24. what, what, what。这里都是what引导的表语从句，其中what充当从句的主语。

Exercise 1.2

1. D。这是“It is+形容词+that”这个固定的主语从句句型。

2. C。这是“It is+名词+that”这个固定的主语从句句型。D不正确，因为有冠词a，但没有名词。

3. C。这是“It is+过去分词+that”这个固定的主语从句句型。

4. B。这是what引导的主语从句，what需要充当成分。这里what充当从句的主语。

5. A。固定的主语从句句型。

6. D。固定的主语从句句型。

7. C。这是“It is+过去分词+that”这个固定的主语从句句型。

8. B。这里是what引导的主语从句：What can be dangerous。其中，what在从句中充当主语。A不正确，因为名词从句中that不能充当成分。

9. B。这道题有点难度。关键要看到谓语is not known，从而快速判断出这是一个主语从句，而且从句谓语explodes是一般现在时态，因而B为最佳答案。这里是how引导的主语从句，其中becomes与explodes构成从句的并列谓语。

10. D。这里是How引导的主语从句：How ballads were composed traditionally。C多了连词that，故不正确。

11. C。固定句型。有读者可能会选B。注意It dawns on sb. that不用被动语态，所以读者需要记准固定句型搭配。

12. B。这里是whether引导的主语从句。有读者可能会选A，但No matter how只能引导让步状语从句。若把A改为However he might pass the examination就可以填入。另外C和D都是让步状语从句，不是主语从句，故不正确。

Exercise 1.3

1. B。这是what引导的宾语从句，其中what作do的宾语。有读者误选A。A错误，是因为that和what是两个连词，但后边只有一个从句。

2. B。这是what引导的宾语从句，其中what作says的宾语。

3. B。这是when引导的宾语从句，其中when修饰return。A错，是因为两个连词，但只有一个从句。C错，是因为if or not一般不连用，可以说whether or not。

4. A。这是that引导的宾语从句，that不充当任何成分。

5. B。这是how引导的宾语从句。此时how是连词，其后边必须接谓语，C和D没有谓语，故错误；A采用了倒装结构，也是错误。

6. D。这是what引导的宾语从句，what作表语。

7. A。关键要知道这里states是谓语动词，后接that引导的宾语从句。

8. B。A错，是因为if or not一般不连用，可以说whether or not。

9. C。指代宾语只能用it。

10. A。C错，是因为if or not一般不连用，可以说whether or not。

Exercise 1.4

1. C。在reason后边的表语从句一般不用because，而用that。这与汉语思维有差异，请读者注意比较。

2. B。这是where引导的表语从句，表示地点。

3. C。在reason后边的表语从句一般不用because，而用that。故C正确，而D不正确。这与汉语思维有差异，请读者注意比较。

4. A。在reason后边的表语从句一般不用because，而用that。故A正确，而B和D不正确。这与汉语思维有差异，请读者注意比较。

5. A。这是what引导的表语从句，其中what充当从句的主语。连词that不充当成分，故B错误。

6. A。这是what引导的表语从句，其中what充当从句谓语solve的宾语。连词that不充当成分，故D错误。

Exercise 1.5

1. A。这是that引导的同位语从句，补充说明先行词signs。

2. B。这是that引导的同位语从句，补充说明先行词conclusion。

3. A。这是that引导的同位语从句，补充说明先行词idea。

4. D。这是that引导的同位语从句，补充说明先行词certainty。

5. B。这是that引导的同位语从句，补充说明先行词news。

6. D。这道题有点难度。主要是因为介词后边一般不能直接加that从句，比如不能说to that...。所以，通常会先添加一个名词the fact，然后再接that引导的同位语从句。故D正确。

7. D。这是that引导的同位语从句，补充说明先行词news的详细内容。但这个同位语从句并没有紧跟在名词后面，而是被谓语reached（her）隔开。这里的名词news作before引导的时间状语从句的主语。

精品译文：捱过数月苦闷的日子后，突然一天传来噩耗：她敬爱的哥哥在反法西斯活动中被杀害。

Exercise 1.6

1. 这是2007年考研英语翻译真题。从句法结构上来看，本题是考查考生对各类从句的掌握，是一个从句的嵌套结构。这里首先有修饰manner的定语从句which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news；在这个定语从句里，又嵌套有修饰links的定语从句journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news。这里关系词that被省略了。要注意的是，这里as引导的时间状语从句是修饰定语从句的谓语forge的，不是修饰which引导的定语从句谓语is parallel或主句谓语links。在as从句中，谓语cover和comment on共用一个宾语the news，表示“报道和评论新闻”。总之，这个句子含有的从句包括（以及连词与从句谓语动词配对关系是）：定语从句（which is），定语从句（that...forge，这个关系词that被省略了），时间状语从句（as...cover and comment）。

图解难句：



On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities 主谓宾结构

in a manner 方式状语

which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. 定语从句修饰manner


定语从句的结构图示：



which is parallel to the links 中心名词links后面带有定语从句

journalists forge on a daily basis 修饰links的定语从句，省去了关系词

as they cover and comment on the news. 修饰谓语forge的时间状语从句，不是修饰is parallel的。


精品译文：另一方面，这一学科把这些概念结合到日常生活中，这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时的做法是相同的。

2. 这里that从句that the center was located somewhere in New England是knowing的宾语，不是fact的同位语从句，这里因为动词knowing与其宾语被介词短语for a fact分隔。

图解难句：



精品译文：起初，我对他们的说法持怀疑态度，因为我认定的事实是世界的中心在新英格兰的某个地方。

3. 这是2008年考研英语的翻译真题。这句主要涉及到从句的嵌套结构以及宾语后置结构。该句的结构如下：

主语是he；

谓语是did not accept；

介词短语as well founded是充当宾语补足语。注意，读者不要错误地断句为as well“也”，而应该断句成well-founded，这是一个复合形容词。这里as是与谓语accepted搭配：accepted...as...。所以，整个accepted...as well-founded，表示“认为……有根据或有说服力”。

这里的省略号就是代表被后置了的宾语the charge made by some of his critics that while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning。这个宾语实在有些复杂。具体来说，宾语中心词是the charge，表示“指责、指控”。而charge后边带有两个成分：一个是修饰charge的分词短语made by some of his critics；另一个是补充说明charge具体内容的同位语从句that while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning。

在这个同位语从句中，while he was a good observer是让步状语从句，he had no power of reasoning主句。

图解难句：



至此，整个句子的内在结构梳理清楚，逻辑结构清楚了，接下来就是用地道汉语进行语言组织了。

精品译文：另一方面，有人批评他尽管擅长观察但不擅于推理，对于这样的指责，他认为没有多少根据。

综合练习

1. B。这是what引导的宾语从句，其中what充当从句谓语do的宾语。

2. B。这是what引导的主语从句，其中what充当从句谓语adopt的宾语。

3. B。这是how引导的主语从句，从句作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式，故B正确。

4. B。这是主语从句固定句型：It is said that...，其中is采用了过去式used to be的谓语形式。

5. A。这是what引导的表语从句。这里what用法较特殊，其后接有名词measure，what measure充当从句谓语adopt的宾语。

6. A。这道题有难度。首先要判断出这里动名词短语determining...是作主语。其次，充当determining宾语的是一个how引导的宾语从句。再次，在这个宾语从句中，theories是主语，approximate是谓语，the truth是宾语，how closely是作状语，修饰谓语approximate。于是整个从句是：how closely theories approximate the truth。该从句与determining一起构成动名词短语，来充当句子主语，谓语是is。

精品译文：理论与实际之间是有差距的，而确定二者之间的近似程度便构成了科学研究的日常活动。

7. A。这是that引导的主语从句。从句主语是all the students，从句谓语是think。主句谓语是has laid。

8. A。这是whether引导的主语从句。因为doubtful含有疑问意义，所以用whether比that更恰当。

9. B。这是why引导的主语从句，被后置了。根据句子含义，选why含有“为什么”意思，这比选没有词义的连词that更恰当。

10. B。这是what引导的主语从句，其中what充当从句的主语。

11. B。这是主语从句的固定句型“It+be动词+过去分词+that从句”。

12. C。介词后边一般不能接that从句，故A错误。介词后边接名词如fact，然后可以接同位语从句，故C正确。

13. C。答案解析：这是who的强调形式whoever引导的主语从句。

14. C。这是what引导的表语从句，其中what在从句中充当主语。

15. B。在reason后边的表语从句一般不用because，而用that。这与汉语思维有差异，请读者注意比较。

16. B。这是where引导的表语从句。

17. B。这是which的强调形式whichever引导的宾语从句，whichever后边要接名词，如此句中的room。

18. A。这是who的强调形式whoever引导的宾语从句，即作介词to的宾语。因为连词需要在从句中充当主语，所以要用whoever，而不用宾格形式whomever。

19. D。这是who的强调形式whoever引导的宾语从句，即作动词accept的宾语。因为连词需要在从句中充当主语，所以要用whoever，而不用宾格形式whomever。注意，they thought是插入语，不影响句子的原本结构。

20. D。这是that引导的同位语从句，补充说明先行词evidence。

21. B。这是主语从句的固定句型“It+be动词+形容词+that从句”。

22. D。这是that引导的主语从句。从句谓语是is，主句谓语是was。

23. D。这是主语从句的固定句型“It+be动词+名词短语+that从句”。

24. D。这是主语从句的固定句型it dawns upon somebody that...。这里谓语采用了现在完成时态has dawned。

25. A。这是主语从句的固定句型it occurs to somebody that...。这里谓语采用了过去完成时态had occurred。

26. D。这是从句的嵌套结构。首先是how引导一个表语从句；然后在how从句中，嵌套一个what引导的主语从句。其中what充当从句谓语learn的宾语。

27. B。这里含有两个名词从句。一个是what引导的主语从句，其中what充当从句谓语tell的宾语；另一个是that引导的表语从句，that不充当任何成分。

28. D。这是that引导的同位语从句，补充说明先行词reports。

29. D。这是that引导的宾语从句。主句谓语是states。从句主语是energy，其后接同位语such as light。

30. B。这是主语从句的固定句型“It+be动词+过去分词+that从句”。

31. B。这是在形容词aware后边接的宾语从句，由that引导。

32. A。这是由whether引导的宾语从句，用在介词concerning后边。这里whether...or...构成搭配。

33. C。这是what引导的宾语从句。该从句结构相当于it is what that prevents...，所以这里该用is而不是does。

34. A。这是that引导的宾语从句。

35. B。这是关于what引导的宾语从句，其中what充当know的宾语。

36. B，改为that。因为what在这里无法充当任何成分，只有that才可以这样用。这是that引导的宾语从句，that不充当任何成分。

37. B，改为that。这是that引导的同位语从句，补充说明先行词proof，that不充当任何成分。

38. A，改为what。这是what引导的主语从句，其中what充当从句谓语doing的宾语。而that不能充当任何成分，所以这里用that是错误的。

39. C，改为that。这是that引导的同位语从句，补充说明先行词fact，that不充当任何成分。