1．The nuclear energy is released at the Sun's center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength.

This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun, to be re-emitted at slightly longer wavelengths. This radiation, in its turn, is absorbed and re-emitted. As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the x-ray part of the spectrum, eventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space, without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small fraction of the Sun's light and heat is emitted in such directions that, after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits theEarth．

2．It is uncontroversially true that things might have been otherwise than they are. I believe, and so do you, that things could have been different in countless ways. But what does this mean? Ordinary language permits the paraphrase, there are many ways things could have been besides the way they actually are. On the face of it, this sentence is an existential quantification. It says that there exist many entities of a certain description, to wit, “ways things could have been”. I preferto call them possible worlds．

3． An observer from another planet might well be struck by the disparity between the enormous power which our age has concentrated in its external life and the inner poverty which ourart seeks to expose to view.This is, after all, theage that hasall

Part B
Directions: Put the following sentences into English．


1．
我一直认为，真正的哲学应该是创造性的。一个哲人有时可能会写一点笔记，不时还要编些史料，但其根本必须是说出别人没有想到或想到而说不出来的东西。所以，衡量哲学家的惟一尺度，只能是看他是否向人类思想宝库提供了什么有价值的论见。此乃学术正果。

2．
在先秦时期的百家争鸣中，道家虽没有儒家和墨家那样众多的徒属，以及显学的地位，但这个学派对宇宙、社会和人生的独特领悟，却是其他各家所不能取代的。正因为如此，在历史的发展中，道家才呈现出永恒的价值与生命力。

3．
你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后根据这些规律，用某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们自己的理论。

4．
语言是人类社会所特有的一种信息系统，它的传递与接受总是在现实环境中发生的，并受到现实环境的影响和支配，这种现实环境是人们进行社会交际的基础，社会中凡是使用语言的人每次都是在特定的环境中实现交际的。具体地说，它就是说话或写作的社会环境、自然环境、作品的上下文、说话的前言后语等等。我们称之为语言环境，简称语境。

5．
他是现代语言学的奠基人。是他重新组织起对语言和语言本质的系统研究，并提出语言研究的新视角、新方法和新方向。是他使 20世纪的语言学取得了如此伟大的成就，他也因此成为举世公认的了不起的现代思想家。让我们记住他的名字 ——索绪尔 (SauSSure)。


参考答案
Part Ⅱ Structure &Vocabulary(20%)
PartA
31．B 32．C 33．D 34．D 35．A 36．B 37．C 38．A 39．D 40．A

Part B

41．A what→that 42．B theories→theory 43．A emigrants→emigrant

44．B the(risingprices) 45．A Few→Afew 46．C of→about

47．D attentionfromscholar→attentiontoscholar 48．B hardly→hard

49．D manly→manfully 50．A Beyourbest→Tryyourbest
Part Ⅲ ClozeTest(15%)


51．A 52．D 53．B 54．C 55．C 56．A 57．A 58．D 59．C 60．B

61．A 62．C 63．C 64．D 65．B Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension(20 % ) Passage 1

66．A 67．C 68．C 69．D

Passage 2

70．A 71．A 72．A 73．A

Passage 3

74．D 75．C 76．D 77．D

Passage 4

78．B 79．A 80．B 81．A

Passage 5

82．B 83．D 84．D 85．C Part Ⅴ Translation略


2011年中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题
Part Ⅱ Vocabulary & Structure (20%)
Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each of the sentence, there are four choices. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and cover the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with ●．
21．The design of the gymnasium shows a great deal of______ Wehave never seen a building ofsucha type before．

A．solidarity B．originality C．invention D．fascination
22．Thepsychiatrist saythat a personwith inferiority feelings canbe very______．
A．disgraceful B．disrespectful C．disapproval D．disagreeable
23．TheSecretary ofState______to beingastonishedat this unexpectedstatement．
A．complied B．confirmed C．confessed D．conformed

24．When the doctor proposed to him long walks in the fresh air, Mr. Park admitted______ fora longwalk for years．

A．not having been B．notbeing C．beingnot D．having not been

25． Agriculture was a step in human progress______subsequently there was nothing comparableuntil ourown machineage．

A．to which B．with which______ C．from which D．in which

26． The change in the treatment of his characters is a significant______to Shakespeare's growth as a dramatist．

A．label B．signal C．mark D．index
27．Chaucerhasbeencalled the Father Poetry by______generations．
A．aggressive B．progressive C．successive D．comprehensive
28．After______ona merry-go-round,she started to feel dizzy and hadto lie down．
A．to have ridden B．redden C．riding D．to ride
29．Experience leadsme to think that it is notalways good to get______ with strangers．
A．tolerant B．confidential C．enthusiastic D．agreeable

30．Each plant and animal be natural tendency,______far more seeds and eggs and seedlings andyoung, than is necessaryto maintain______population．

A．is to produce..．their B．produces..．its

C．produces..．their D．produce..．their



31．Someone who gives an expensive gift often feels that he should receive more praise than if he______ a less expensive gift．

A．gave B．gives C．hadgiven D．hasgiven
32．Thedoctor said that it would take amonthfor herfractured wrist to
A．recover B．heal C．remedy D．cure

33．Although she did not look back she could tell that he was still following. Let______a streetcar,she thought, andreally there was one．

A．there were B．there be

C．therebeing D．therehas been



34．During the famine of 1943, millions of Chinese peasants______to the cities because they couldnotsurvive in the rural areas．

A．migrated B．emigrated C．immigrated D．mobilized

35．The waltz and the tango seem to be out of fashion today. Things like the twist and jerk seemto be _____youngpeopleare really interested in．

A．all that about B．about that all C．about all that D．all about that

36．In his culture,______ it was, this exchange of manes on pieces of paper was probably a formal politeness,like saying “thankyou”．

A．all that B．whatever C．whichever D．what

37．The survival______of some wild animals is not very high as they are ruthlessly hunted fortheir skins．

A．standard B．scale______ C．ratio D．rate

38． The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to______ funds from armaments to healthandeducation．

A．derive B．change C．convert D．divert

39． The Home Secretary has been asked to______because the union leaders and their employers cannot agree on acourse ofaction．

A．intervene B．negotiate C．meditate D．reconcile

40． The neighbors do not considered him quite______as most evenings he awakens them with his drunken singing．

A．respected B．respectable C．respective D．respectful

41．The sun is very large in comparison with its nine______planets which, in turn, are circled bya total of thirty-three satellite．

A．surrounding B．cycling C．orbiting D．whirling

42．When I emerged from the telephone box, I come face to face with a little man, who was looking as______ as astray dog．

A．humble B．pathetic C．dreadful D．merciful

43．I found seated at the table opposite to mine another guest. He was a decently unsociable man, anxious to______alone．

A．leave B．be leaving C．be left D．have left
44．Thehousethey have bought is in very badrepair.The old boiler in thekitchen needs
A．tosee B．tobeseen C．seeing D．seeing to
45．Asto the lost world ofEgypt, we know nearly everything______to know．
A．there is B．itis C．which is D．what is

46． Mark Evens, who had failed the physics test, was sitting on a bench in the corner______over his disappointment．

A．complaining B．meditating C．brooding D．apologizing

47．Some researchers have undertaken some psychological studies which prove that many childrendevelop fears of______dangers．

A．imagination B．imaginary C．imaginable D．imaginative
48．Themother separatedthe quarreling children,andgave eachof them a sharp______．
A．punch B．pinch C．puppy D．pumpkin

49． Soccer is the most truly international team sport, but there is still some question______whetherit should becalled a game or openwarfare．

A．asto B．dueto C．in addition to D．owingto
50．______but I still like him．