英语语法新思维高级教程——驾驭语法 第2部分(10)
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A. as
B. which
C. that
D. what
3. To such an extent his empty speech that some of us began to doze.
A. did he go on with
B. he would go on with
C. he went on with
D. he did go on with
4. So involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
A. became the children
B. become the children
C. had the children become
D. do the children become
5. It is weather that I would like to go to the beach.
A. so nice
B. such nice
C. such a nice
D. so nice a
6. She told us stories that we all laughed.
A. so funny
B. such funny
C. funny such
D. so fun
7. The windows are small as not to admit much light at all.
A. very
B. as
C. too
D. so
8. Would you be do me a favor, please?
A. so kind to
B. kind as to
C. as kind to
D. so kind as to
9. The police called off their search for the survivors of the air crash because of .
A. such bad weather
B. so bad
C. such a bad weather
D. too bad a weather
10. Why did the teacher talk ?
A. such quiet
B. so quietly
C. so quiet
D. such a quiet voice
11. The music at the party was that the neighbors complained.
A. so loud
B. such loudness
C. so loudly
D. such a loud
12. He's man. Everyone loves him.
A. so kind
B. such a kind
C. such kindness
D. so kindly
13. He fell in love with her at first sight; he'd never seen .
A. so beautifully
B. such a beautiful
C. so beautiful
D. such a beauty
14. She had money; she decided to give some of it to charity.
A. so much
B. so many
C. such much
D. such
15. He had things to do, but not enough time to do them all.
A. such
B. so much
C. so many
D. such many
2. 辨别改错。
16. Recently in the automobile industry, multinational companies have developed (A) to the point where such few cars (B) can be described as having been made (C) entirely (D) in one country. (TOEFL)
17. The logic of scientific development is so (A) that separate (B) groups of men working on (C) the same problem in far-scattered (D) laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.
3.8 条件状语从句
首先要说明的是,在本节中我们只分析真实条件句,而非真实条件句在《英语语法新思维中级教程——通悟语法》中的“虚拟语气”一章已经详细讨论过。
3.8.1 常见连词的用法
最常见的条件状语从句的引导词是if和unless。连词if表示“如果”,unless表示“如果不”或“除非”。请看例句:
下面这句话读者一定不会陌生:
1 If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
精品译文 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?
有人说爱一个人完全是自己的事情,与对方无关。但不求回报地去爱,又有几人能做到?下面这个例句讲的就是这个道理:
2 Giving someone all your love is never an assurance that they'll love you back. Don't expect love in return, just wait for it to grow in their heart, but if it doesn't, be glad it grew in yours.
精品译文 为某人付出自己全部的爱,并不一定能够保证对方会同样爱你。不要期望爱的回报,就让爱在对方心中慢慢滋长。即使没有,也不要失望,而要为自己心中曾经爱过而感到高兴。
如果有一天你不经意间微笑起来,连你自己都无法解释为什么会笑,那原因就是:
3 Today if a happy smile comes to you, a happy smile that perhaps you can't explain...it is because at that moment, I am thinking of you, and smiling, too.
精品译文 假如今天你不经意间开心地微笑起来,连你都无法解释自己为什么会笑……这是因为此时此刻我正在想着你,我也在微笑。
下面这句话是英国前首相撒切尔夫人(Margaret Thatcher)对男人和女人的评价:
4 In politics, if you want someone to make a speech, ask a man; if you want something done, ask a woman.
精品译文 在政治领域,如果你想要有人发表演说,那就找男士去;而如果你想真正把事情解决,那就找女士。
我们再来看有关unless的例句。比如下面这则雅虎发表的免责申明:
5 The opinions expressed here are not necessarily the opinions of Yahoo! and we assume no responsibility for such content.... Please do not post any private information unless you want it to be available publicly and never assume that you are completely anonymous and cannot be identified by your comments.
精品译文 网友在本网站发表的任何评论并不代表雅虎的观点,因而我们对这些内容不承担任何责任。……请不要发布任何个人信息,除非你希望把个人信息公布于众;也不要认为在网络上你是完全匿名隐身的,别人不会因为你的评论而发现你。
一位美国老师指出,中国学生因为“面子”问题而不愿在口语课上开口说英语,下面是他建议其他外教该如何处理中国学生的“面子”问题:
6 Discussions about "face" can be difficult if one is not familiar with the significance and importance attached to it by many Asian people. It does have different meanings to different people and, unless a teacher is "comfortable" with broaching the subject, it is best left alone.
精品译文 亚洲人非常看重“面子”问题,如果你对此不熟悉的话,讨论“面子”问题就会很困难。对于不同的人,“面子”问题的意味是不同的,除非作为老师你很善于把握这个话题,否则还是不要涉及为好。
3.8.2 only if与if only
在考研英语中,多次出现关于这两个连词的考题,这就需要考生熟悉它们的意思。简单来说,only if表示“只有”,而if only表示“只要”。请看例句:
1 The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me she could remember who last borrowed it.
A. ever since
B. much as
C. even though
D. if only
正确答案 D。
妙语点睛 这是1996年的考研真题。本题是考查状语从句连词的用法,这里选项A表示“自从……以来”,B表示“尽管”,C表示“即使”,均不符合两分句的逻辑关系,只有D(只要)正确。
精品译文 借阅处的管理员答应帮我找到这本书,只要她能记得上次是谁借走的。
2 He can continue to support himself and his family he produces a surplus.
A. only if
B. much as
C. long before
D. ever since
正确答案 A。
妙语点睛 这是2000年的考研完形填空题。本题是考查状语从句的连词的用法,这里选项B表示“尽管”,C表示“在……之前”,D表示“自从……以来”,均不符合两分句的逻辑关系,只有A(只有)正确。
精品译文 只有生产有了盈余,他才能够继续养活自己和家人。
3 On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
妙语点睛 这是1992年的考研翻译真题。这个句子较复杂,但是只要看到其中的两个only if结构,就不难理解整个句子的逻辑关系了。这里but前面的部分表示结论,而其后的两个only if引导的从句则表示得出此结论所必须具备的前提条件。为此,在翻译时,可以灵活处理这两个only if引导的从句,将其先总地译成“必须具备两个前提条件……”,然后再分说,具体译出这两个条件。请看下面的译文。
精品译文 总的来说,得出这种结论是有一定程度的把握的,但是必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而被扣分。
3.8.3 must/have to do...if...be to do结构
在条件状语从句中,有一种固定搭配的结构也许是很多读者没有注意过的,这个结构就是:must/have to do...if...be to do,一般翻译成“如果……必须……,那么就不得不”。请看例句:
1 If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition--wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny--must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.
妙语点睛 我们看到,这里的两个if引导的从句里的谓语都采用了be to do的形式(is to be, is to have),对应的主句的谓语都含有情态动词must。为什么会有这种对应关系呢?其实,这涉及到be to do这个结构的意义,be to do往往表示比较强烈的感情色彩,有加强语气的意味,相当于情态动词must或should,可以翻译成“一定得”,所以与be to do呼应的主句往往会含有情态动词must或will have to,这两者就构成must/will have to do...if...be to do的形式,表示“如果从句一定得怎么样,那么主句也必须怎么样”。
精品译文 若真的能够正确看待雄心壮志,那么它的回报——财富、荣誉、对自己命运的掌控——一定会被认为值得为之做出牺牲。如果雄心壮志的传统只是激发活力,那么人们就应该都拥有它;特别是它必须被那些本身受到尊敬的人士所高度重视,受过教育的人们是其中重要的一部分。
2 The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.
妙语点睛 这是1992年的考研翻译真题。这个条件句里面同样存在上述的呼应关系,所以在翻译时要译出来。
精品译文 如果一定要从智力方面进行任何比较的话,那么对所有的被比较者来说,前两个因素必须是一样的。
3 But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves--goals that pose a real challenge.
妙语点睛 这个条件句里面同样存在上述的呼应关系,所以在翻译时要译出来。
精品译文 但是如果一定要机器人进一步节省劳力的话,它们必须能够在更少的人工监控下工作,并且至少能够独立地做一些决定——这些目标给我们提出了一个真正的挑战。
4 If it doesn't rain within the next few weeks, the crops will have to be watered if they are to survive.
妙语点睛 这个条件句里面同样存在上述的呼应关系,所以在翻译时要译出来。
精品译文 要是未来的几星期还不下雨,如果我们一定要让这些农作物存活的话,就必须得浇水了。
3.8.4 其他条件从句的连词
其他引导条件从句的连词有:suppose (that), supposing (that), providing/provided (that), so long as, as long as和on condition that等。
下面这句中文谚语读者应该很熟悉:
1 So long as you work hard enough, an iron rod can be ground into a needle.
精品译文 只要功夫深,铁杵磨成针。
关于年龄与心态的问题,下面这句话值得读者诵记:
2 A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams.
妙语点睛 这里是as long as表示条件,引导从句。
精品译文 一个人只要还有追求,他就不算老。只有当心中不再有梦想,而只是满怀遗憾,这时他才真正老了。
有人把人生比作自助餐厅,在这里,只要你愿意付出努力,就什么都能得到,但关键是你必须主动、积极,为自己创造一切,你要为自己服务,而不是等着别人来为你服务:
3 Life's a cafeteria here. You can get anything you want as long as you are willing to pay the price. You can even get success, but you'll never get it if you wait for someone to bring it to you. You have to get up and get it yourself.
精品译文 人生就是一个自助餐厅,只要愿意付出代价,你就什么都能得到。在这里,你甚至可以获得成功,但如果你只是等待别人来为你服务,你就什么也得不到。你必须行动起来,自己赢得成功。
下面这个例句是谈论人生目标方向的重要性:
4 Knowledge helps you to reach the destination provided you know what the destination is.
精品译文 如果你知道自己的目标是什么,知识就能帮助你达到这个目标。
3.8.5 其他表示条件意味的句型
一、祈使句/省略句+and=if从句+主句
1 Spare the rod and spoil the child.
妙语点睛 该句相当于If you spare the rod, you'll spoil the child.
精品译文 孩子不打不成器。
2 Give us 20 minutes and we will give you 10 years back! Let us help you realize your dreams!
妙语点睛 这是一个美容广告的广告词。该句相当于If you give us 20 minutes, we will give you 10 years back!
精品译文 给我20分钟,还你10岁年轻!让我们帮助你实现梦想。
二、祈使句/省略句+or/or else=unless从句+主句
Give it back to me or (else) I'll tell your parents. (=Unless you give it back to me, I'll tell your parents.)
精品译文 把它还给我,不然我就告诉你父母。
思维总结
本节主要讨论了引导条件状语从句的连词。对所讨论的这些连词读者要熟悉,遇到时要能正确翻译,比如要能区分only if与if only在含义上的差别。
思维训练
Exercise 3.8
1. 选择最佳答案填空。
1. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage avoided.
A. is to be
B. to be
C. will be
D. has been
2. You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting you don't mind taking the night train. (1993考研)
A. provided
B. unless
C. though
D. until
3. He will surely finish the job on time he's left to do it in his own way.
A. in that
B. in case
C. as far as
D. so long as
4. Talk to anyone in the drug industry, you'll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.
A. or
B. and
C. for
D. so
5. you fell in love with your boss, what would you do?
A. Provide
B. Supposing
C. Unless
D. Except
6. Government cannot operate effectively it is free from such interference.
A. so long as
B. if only
C. unless
D. lest
2. 辨别改错。
7. If only (A) the nature of the aging process is (B) better understood, the possibility of discovering (C) a medicine that can block the fundamental process of aging seems (D) very remote.
3.9 让步状语从句
3.9.1 常见连词的用法
常见的引导让步状语从句的词有:though, although, even though和even if。此时,主句前不可用but,但可用yet/still。
1 Although he tried hard, (yet/still) he failed.
精品译文 尽管他努力了,但仍然失败了。
2 Although I didn't know anybody at the party, I had a very good time.
精品译文 尽管聚会上的人我一个都不认识,但我仍然玩得很愉快。
3 The family is the essential presence--the thing that never leaves you, even if you find you have to leave it.
精品译文 对于每个人来说,家是不可或缺的,它永远为你守候,即使有一天你发现你要离开它。
再比如下面这道考题:
4 Although Professor Green's lectures usually ran over (A) the fifty-minute period, but (B) none (C) of his students even objected (D) as they found his lectures both informative and interesting.
正确答案 B。应该把but去掉。
妙语点睛 这是1997年的考研真题。本题考查的就是although和but不能连用这一知识点。
精品译文 尽管格林教授上课时间常超过50分钟,但是他的学生中没有一个人反对,因为他们觉得他的课既有趣又有收获。
3.9.2 表示让步转折关系的介词和副词
上面讨论了常见的让步状语从句的连词,与此相关的是,在英文中还可以用介词和副词来表示让步转折关系。
一、表示让步转折关系的介词
这些介词主要有despite, in spite of, for all和notwithstanding。需要注意的是,although和though等是连词,因此后面只接从句(有时是省略形式的从句),而这里的介词只接名词(短语),不能接从句。请比较:
1 1) Though he was inexperienced, he did a very good job.
2) In spite of his inexperience, he did a very good job.
3) In spite of his being inexperienced, he did a very good job.
妙语点睛 在例句1)中,连词though后面接的是从句he was inexperienced。在例句2)中,his inexperience是一个名词短语,所以要用介词,比如这里用了in spite of。在例句3)中,his being inexperienced是一个动名词短语的形式,也属于名词短语,所以这里也需要用介词,如in spite of。
精品译文 尽管他没有经验,但是他表现得很不错。
需要提醒注意的是,介词后面除了接名词短语外,还可以接what引导的名词从句。请看例句:
2 what he achieved in medicine, he remained modest.
A. Despite
B. Although
C. If
D. Whereas
正确答案 A。
妙语点睛 本题考查的是状语从句连词的用法。因为这里what=things that,引导的是一个名词性从句,其本质上相当于一个名词短语,故此处仍需用介词。若用连词although,只能说成:Although he achieved a lot in medicine, he remained modest.
精品译文 尽管他在医学领域取得了很多成就,但是他依然很谦虚。
3 tired, he wouldn't stop working.
A. Despite
B. For all
C. Though
D. Whereas
正确答案 C。
妙语点睛 本题考查的是状语从句连词的用法。这是一个省略的状语从句,原句相当于Though he was tired, he wouldn't stop working.所以要用连词,而不是介词,故C正确。
精品译文 尽管很累,但他依然坚持工作。
综上所述,可以总结出规律:表示让步逻辑关系的介词后面可以接名词、名词短语、动名词或what从句;表示让步关系的连词后面可以接完整的陈述句、形容词(相当于省略句)、分词(相当于省略句)等。这一规律,请读者要注意掌握,在考试中会经常出现。
3.9.3 置于句首的while一般表示“尽管”
while位于句首,一般意为“尽管”,引导让步状语从句。在很多阅读文章中常见到while的这一用法。请看例句:
1 While many countries of the world celebrate their own Mother's Day at different times throughout the year, there are some countries such as Denmark, Finland, Italy, Turkey, Australia, and Belgium which also celebrate Mother's Day on the second Sunday of May.
妙语点睛 while出现在句首,表示让步转折。
精品译文 尽管世界上很多国家是在不同的日期庆祝母亲节,但是仍然有些国家,比如丹麦、芬兰、意大利、土耳其、澳大利亚和比利时也是在五月的第二个周日庆祝母亲节。
2 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
妙语点睛 这是1999年的考研翻译真题。while出现在句首,表示让步转折。
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思维训练 Exercise 5.10.1 请用括号中动词的适当形式完成下面句子。 1.I_______(just, sit) down in the recliner to watch TV when I_________(hear) a knock on the door. When I_______(open) the front door I________(see) a young man standing there staring at me. 2.I_________(just, pour) myself ...英语词汇 本站小编 免费考研网 2018-12-19英语语法新思维中级教程——通悟语法 第2部分
精品译文 这种现象为公司开辟了一条道路,使它们既保持了自身的国际竞争力,同时也避免了市场周期的冲击和就业法规的限制,以及医疗费用和养老金带来的日益繁重的负担。 4.1.3 时间连词until的用法特点 在英语中,until的用法有以下三个要点: 第一、until既可以用作介词也可以作为连词,所以until的后面可以接 ...英语词汇 本站小编 免费考研网 2018-12-19英语语法新思维中级教程——通悟语法 第1部分
目录 写在前面 序言 第一章 简单句与复合句 1.1 引言 1.2 句型一:主语+系动词+表语 1.2.1 谓语动词的特点 1.2.2 简单句叠加成复杂难句 1.3 句型二:主语+谓语 1.3.1 谓语动词的特点 1.3.2 简单句叠加成复杂难句 1.4 句型三:主语+谓语+宾语 1.4.1 谓语动词的特点 1 ...英语词汇 本站小编 免费考研网 2018-12-19英语语法新思维初级教程——走近语法 第4部分
Exercise 8.2.1-3 (Keys: 此处) 1.用动词的适当形式填空。 1.The cold air______(chill) me to the bone. Please turn off the air-conditioner. 2.Lee&s grandmother______(keep) in step with modern technology. She bought herself a computer. 3.Please don&t disturb her. She______(sleep). 4. ...英语词汇 本站小编 免费考研网 2018-12-19英语语法新思维初级教程——走近语法 第3部分
Chapter 6 第六章 动词分类(二):英语的五种基本句型 在第五章中,我们根据动词的词义和其在谓语中的作用,把动词分为实义动词(notional verb)、助动词(auxiliary verb)和情态助动词(modal verb)三类。在上述三类动词中,能独立充当句子谓语的只有实义动词。其实,实义动词不仅是句子谓语的核心成分,更 ...英语词汇 本站小编 免费考研网 2018-12-19英语语法新思维初级教程——走近语法 第2部分
4 It was full of garlic. David took one mouthful and shot out of the room! 妙语点睛 作者在这里用了one,是想强调说,虽然大卫只是吃了一口(而不是吃了两口或更多口),但是整个房间里都有大蒜味了,借此来强调大蒜的浓重气味。若是用a mouthful,则显得语气平淡得多。 精品译文 到处都是 ...英语词汇 本站小编 免费考研网 2018-12-19英语语法新思维初级教程——走近语法 第1部分
目录 写在前面 序言 绪论 名词短语 0.1 引言 0.2 名词短语 0.2.1 名词短语的功能 0.2.2 名词短语的构造左二右六的定语规律 0.3 英语句子五成分论 0.4 本篇内容的逻辑安排 第一章 名词 1.1 名词的定义与分类 1.1.1 名词的定义 1.1.2 名词的分 ...英语词汇 本站小编 免费考研网 2018-12-19完整版 2019 王菲语法班·第8季(视频)
...考试视频 本站小编 免费考研网 2018-12-02对外汉语教学语法 齐沪扬 第5集
四、连动句用法上的特点 (1)连动句中两个动词短语位置不能互换,否则会改变原来的意思,或者不成句子。连动句的这一个特点不同于并列关系的短语。具有并列关系的结构成分位置可以互换,而不改变原来的意义,而组成连动句的几个短语位置不能变换。 (2)连动句的主语,最常见的是动词(短语)的施事,但也有的是受 ...专业课考研资料 本站小编 免费考研网 2018-11-28对外汉语教学语法 齐沪扬 第4集
(四)多层定语的语序问题 如果定中短语中心语前边的定语不止一项,从而形成定语层层叠加的形式的,叫作多层定语,例如一双没膝的长筒尼龙袜子。 1.注意区分几种复杂的短语 在讨论多层定语语序问题之前,我们首先要注意区分几种复杂的短语。一种是几个词语没有主次之分,组成一个联合短语作定语的情 ...专业课考研资料 本站小编 免费考研网 2018-11-28对外汉语教学语法 齐沪扬 第3集
(五)列举助词等、等等 [辨析]等与等等 等、等等是两个后附助词。它们常常附在两个或两个以上并列的词语后面,表示列举未尽。例如: ①毒蛇的种类很多,著名的就有五步蛇、眼镜蛇、竹叶青等。 ②我家阳台上种 ...专业课考研资料 本站小编 免费考研网 2018-11-28对外汉语教学语法 齐沪扬 第2集
第二节 形容词 一、形容词的语法特点 (1)主要功能作谓语和定语。例如: ①这里的环境非常优美。 ②漂亮姑娘谁都喜欢。 (2)大部分形容词可以作补语。例如: ①衣服已经洗干净了。 ②这件事把他吓坏了。 (3)大部分形容词可以受程度副词很的 ...专业课考研资料 本站小编 免费考研网 2018-11-28对外汉语教学语法 齐沪扬 第1集
目录 引言 第一节 语言与语言符号 一、语言是一个符号系统 二、语言符号的特点 三、文字是符号的符号 第二节 汉语和现代汉语 一、汉语 二、现代汉语和现代汉语的形成 三、现代汉语形成过程中的文化历史背景 第三节 现代语言学和汉语的现代化 一、汉语研究和现代语言学 二、汉语基础 ...专业课考研资料 本站小编 免费考研网 2018-11-28