精品译文　我不会因为可能会找到更好的工作就把现在的工作辞了，因为一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林啊。

我们来看下面这个句子如何理解：

6　I didn't attend the meeting because he was present, too.

妙语点睛　这句话可以有两种理解。其一，正常翻译时可以写成I didn't attend the meeting, because he was present, too.即添加一个逗号，来分隔主句和从句。此时表示“因为当时也有他出席，所以我没有去参加这个会议”。说明有“他”在场，“我”就不去。其二，作为否定转移来理解，相当于说I attended the meeting, not because he was present, too.此时表示“我出席这次会议并不是因为有他参加”。说明不是“他去我就去，他不去我也不去”。

精品译文　正常理解：因为当时他也出席了，所以我就没有参加那个会议。

否定转移：我出席那次会议并不是因为他也参加。

我们再来看下面这个句子可以作何理解：

7　I did not marry her because I loved her.

妙语点睛　这句话可以有两种理解。其一，按正常理解翻译时可以表示“因为我爱她，所以我决定不跟她结婚”，比如“我”已知自己患有癌症，所以不结婚是为了她的幸福，很多电影里都是这么演的。其二，作为否定转移来理解，相当于说I married her, not because I loved her but for some other reasons.即表示“我并不是因为爱她才和她结婚，而是因为其他原因或动机”，比如因为她有钱或者是她有一个有钱的老爸，所以和她结婚不是因为爱她，而是因为看上她的家世了。

精品译文　正常理解：因为我爱她，所以我决定不跟她结婚。

否定转移：我并不是因为爱她才和她结婚。

再比如下面这个关于希拉里的例句：

8　"I don't think they're piling on because I'm a woman. I think they're piling on because I'm winning." (Hillary Rodham Clinton, on intensifying criticism by rivals for the Democratic presidential nomination on November 2, 2007.)

妙语点睛　这里don't在形式上否定think，但实际上否定because引导的从句。

精品译文　“我认为他们蜂拥而上并非因为我是女的。我认为他们蜂拥而上是因为我要赢了。”（2007年11月2日，希拉里·罗德穆·克林顿这样解释为什么竞争民主党总统候选人提名的其他候选人对她的批评猛烈起来。）

再比如下面这个对话：

9　Mike: I think music has changed a lot in recent years, all over the world. For example, when I was at university, we didn't like singers because of their looks or how popular their music was. We loved them for being real.

Lili: What do you mean by "real"? Everyone is real, see touch my arm, you can feel me, so I'm real.

Mike: That's not what I mean by real, I mean really talented, real musicians.

精品译文　麦克：我觉得近几年全世界的音乐发生了很大的变化。比如在我上大学的时候，我们不会因为一个歌手的外形或者他的歌曲有多流行而喜欢他。我们喜欢一个歌手，是因为他们的真实。

莉莉：什么叫“真实”？每个人都是真实的，你能够触摸我的胳膊，所以我也是真实的。

麦克：我说的不是那个意思。我是说真正的天赋，真正的音乐家。

以上我们讨论的否定转移都是涉及because引导的从句的，其实，否定转移并不局限于because引导的原因从句，还可以否定句中的其他成分。若是在口语中，一般来说，句中什么词重读就否定什么词。请看例句：

10　I didn't come here to scold you.

妙语点睛　该句在读的时候要重读scold，表明didn't是否定scold的，not scold就表示“不是为了批评你”。

精品译文　我来这里不是为了要批评你。

我们再来分析下面两道听力考试题，看看这种否定转移如何应用于考试中：

11　He won't go to just any school.

A. He's the only one who won't go with us.

B. He just won't go to school.

C. He'll probably study in several locations.

D. He's particular about where he goes to school.

正确答案　D。

妙语点睛　此句中的any要重读，即表明won't是否定any的，not any就说明“他并不是随随便便上一个学校就算了”，而是对上什么学校是很在乎的（particular），所以D正确。

精品译文　他可不愿意随随便便上一个学校就算了。

12　I didn't write that memo to the department chair to amuse myself.

A. I wrote a funny letter to the department chair.

B. I don't think the department chair will write me a letter.

C. The department chair was amused by my letter.

D. I wrote to the department chair about a serious matter.

正确答案　D。

妙语点睛　此句中的amuse要重读，即表明didn't是否定amuse的，not amuse表示“不是开玩笑”，即对应于D选项中的about a serious matter，所以D正确。

精品译文　我给部门领导写那个备忘录并不是为了好玩的。

综上所述，我们可以对否定转移下个定义，即所谓否定转移，是指形式上否定主句或句子的谓语，但在逻辑语义上是否定句子的其他部分。尤其是在与because引导的从句连用时，往往否定because引导的从句。所以，我们以后遇到一个否定句，如果按照正常情况理解不通，就不妨考虑从否定转移的角度来翻译。也就是说，否定转移为我们理解句子的意思提供了一个新的方向。

思维总结

本节主要讨论了各种表示原因的连词以及相关的介词。要注意的是，连词后面接从句，而介词后面要接名词短语，二者不能混淆。另外，读者要重点理解有关because否定转移的句子，这是本节的一个难点内容。

思维训练

Exercise 3.5

1. 选择最佳答案填空。

1. 　　　 you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight.

A. For

B. Since

C. Before

D. While

2. 　　　 the cold weather, we decided not to go out.

A. Because

B. Due

C. Owing to

D. Since

3. Neon is said to be inert 　　　 does not react with other substances.

A. because of it

B. it is because

C. because it

D. is because it

4. 　　　 he will not accept the offer, I have to find someone else.

A. Until

B. Though

C. As soon as

D. Seeing that

5. Skimming also differs from scanning 　　　 it is an effort to get general information rather than specific facts.

A. in which

B. for that

C. in that

D. on that

6. Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful 　　　 it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors.

A. by which

B. to which

C. in that

D. so that

7. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication 　　　 the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.

A. in that

B. which

C. whereas

D. because of

8. 　　　 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others.

A. If

B. Although

C. Whereas

D. Because

9. Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 　　　 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others.

A. before

B. unless

C. until

D. because

10. Liquids are like solids 　　　 they have a definite volume. (1995-6 CET-4)

A. in that

B. for that

C. with that

D. at that

11. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe 　　　 it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.

A. so that

B. but that

C. in that

D. provided that

12. Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements--usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen. They are different 　　　 their elements are arranged differently.

A. in that

B. so that

C. such that

D. except that

2. 翻译下列句子。

13. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law.

14. I didn't spend three hours repairing your vacuum so it could sit in the closet.

15. It has long since been satisfactorily established that a high executive does not have a large vocabulary merely because of the opportunities of his position.

16. Don't be afraid of others because they are bigger than you. The real size could be measured in the wisdom.

17. Certainly I don't teach because teaching is easy for me. Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living. Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.

18. The conference's purpose is to demonstrate that we're all continuing to focus on the economy as the president promised to do when he came into office and that means not sitting around and patting yourself on the back because of the unemployment and inflation rates being low.

19. In 1600 the earth was not the center of the universe because the majority then supposed it was; nor because she had more readers was Ella Wheeler Wilcox a better poet than Father Hopkins.

20. Britain's press is unusual in that it is divided into two very different types of newspaper: the quality press and the popular press.





3.6　目的状语从句

3.6.1　常见连词的用法

常用的引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that, in order that或that。另外，在目的从句中常含有情态动词，比如may/might或can/could等。请看例句：

1　I turned off the TV in order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet.

妙语点睛　这里的从句由in order that引导，表示目的，意为“以便”。从句含有情态动词could。

精品译文　我关掉了电视，好让我的室友安静地学习。

2　When I was a child, I would take a flashlight to bed with me so that I could read comic books without my parents' knowing about it.

妙语点睛　这里的从句由so that引导，表示目的，意为“以便”。从句含有情态动词could。

精品译文　小的时候，我常常在睡觉时带着手电筒上床，这样我可以偷看连环画册而不被父母发觉。

3　Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way" so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.

妙语点睛　这里的从句由so that引导，表示目的，意为“以便”。从句含有情态动词can。

精品译文　人们常引用前科罗拉多州州长理查德·兰说过的话，老年多病者“有义务死去和让位”，以便让更年轻、更健康的人发挥他们的潜能。

再看其他更多的例句：

4　I spoke slowly and clearly so that/in order that the audience could understand me.

精品译文　我讲得既慢又清晰，以便听众能听懂我的话。

5　They carved the words on the stone so that/in order that the future generation should remember what they had done.

精品译文　他们在石头上刻字，以便后人记住他们做过的事情。

6　We climbed high (so) that we might get a better view.

精品译文　我们爬到高处，以便能看得更清楚。

7　The teacher raised his voice in order that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

精品译文　老师提高了声音，以便坐在后排的学生能听得更清楚。

从以上例句我们看到，目的状语从句一般位于主句之后。但若要强调目的状语从句，可将so that或in order that引导的从句置于句首。请看例句：

8　In order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet, I turned off the TV.

精品译文　为了让我的室友安静地学习，我关掉了电视。

3.6.2　目的状语从句的简化

对于目的状语从句，我们可以用不定式来将其结构简化。上面我们讨论了由三个连词引导的目的状语从句，即in order that, so that和that，那么对应的不定式结构同样有三种，即in order to do, so as to do和to do。请看下面的详细说明。

一、in order to/so as to+do

我们可用in order to或so as to+动词不定式（短语）来表示目的。请看例句：

1　All the key words in the article are printed in bold type so as to attract readers' attention.

精品译文　文章中的所有关键词都用粗体字来印刷，为了提醒读者注意。

2　When I was a child, I would take a flashlight to bed with me in order to read comic books without my parents' knowing about it.

精品译文　小的时候，我常常在睡觉时带着手电筒上床，这样我可以偷看连环画册而不被父母发觉。

3　I arrived at the cinema early so as not to miss the beginning of the film.

精品译文　我早早到了电影院，这样我就不会错过影片的开头了。

4　We climbed high in order to get a better view.

精品译文　我们爬到高处，以便看得更清楚。

5　We climbed high so as to get a better view.

精品译文　我们爬到高处，以便看得更清楚。

需要提醒的是，in order to可以放在句末，也可以放在句首，但so as to不能置于句首。请看例句：

6　In order to get a better view, we climbed high.

而不能说：

So as to get a better view, we climbed high*.

7　　　　 measure matter we must have units of weight, volume and length. (CET-4)

A. In order

B. In order to

C. So as

D. So as to

正确答案　B。

妙语点睛　这是一道四级考题。正确答案只能是B。

精品译文　为了便于衡量物质，我们得有各种度量单位，比如重量单位、容积单位和长度单位。

二、直接用动词不定式表示目的

我们可以直接用动词不定式to do来表示目的。请看例句：

8　To avoid criticism, do nothing, say nothing, be nothing.

精品译文　要想不被批评，那就什么事也不做，什么话也不说，结果就是什么人也不是。

9　To acquire knowledge, one must study; but to acquire wisdom, one must observe.

精品译文　要想获得知识，我们要学习；但要想获得智慧，我们得认真观察。

10　I'd climb the highest mountain, just to see you smile. I'd swim the ocean, just to hold your hand. I'd run a million miles, just to be with you forever.

精品译文　我愿意翻越最高的山脉，就是为了目睹你的微笑；我愿意横渡海洋，就是为了与你牵手；我愿意跨越万里，只是为了与你共度此生。

三、in order for+sb.+to do sth.

如果要具体给出不定式的逻辑主语，我们就要用in order for sb. to do sth.这一不定式结构表示目的，此时往往是因为句子的主语和不定式的逻辑主语不一致。请看例句：

11　I spoke slowly and clearly in order for the audience to understand me.

精品译文　我讲得既慢又清晰，以便听众能听懂我的话。

12　They carved the words on the stone in order for the future generation to remember what they had done.

精品译文　他们在石头上刻字，以便后人记住他们做过的事情。

13　The teacher raised his voice in order for the students in the back to hear more clearly.

精品译文　老师提高了声音，以便坐在后排的学生能听得更清楚。

14　I turned off the TV in order for my roommate to study in peace and quiet.

精品译文　我关掉了电视，好让我的室友安静地学习。

3.6.3　其他连词的用法

其他连词如lest（以免，以防止）、for fear that（生怕）和in case（万一）也可引导目的状语从句。从句的谓语动词一般用情态动词should，且should常常被省去。请看例句：

1　Take an umbrella with you lest it should rain.

精品译文　随身带把伞，以防下雨。

2　People evacuated the building for fear that the wall should collapse.

精品译文　人们从这栋楼房撤离了，以防墙壁倒塌。

3　They (scientists) should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.

妙语点睛　这里引导目的状语从句的连词是lest，从句的谓语用了动词原形go。主语是单数形式的information，这是因为情态动词should被省去了，所以从句相当于lest animal rights misinformation should go...。

精品译文　他们（科学家）应该及时回复编辑来信，以防止有关动物权利的错误言论不受质疑，甚至披上一层真理的外衣。

4　What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.

妙语点睛　这是2000年的考研阅读真题第五篇。这里引导目的状语从句的连词是lest，从句谓语用了动词原形be，主语是they，这是因为情态动词should被省去了，所以从句相当于lest they should be...。

精品译文　实际的状况是，人们不能像从前那样轻易地、公开地完全坦白他们的梦想，以免被人认为是出风头、贪婪、庸俗。

顺便要指出的是，在某些句子中，for fear that或lest有时具有否定意义，相当于说in order that...not。请看例句：

5　She cleans the window with great care lest she might break the glass.

妙语点睛　这里lest相当于说in order that...not，所以lest she might break the glass可以改写为in order that she might not break the glass。

精品译文　她如此小心翼翼地擦窗户，以免打破窗玻璃。

6　We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face, for fear that there should be any misunderstanding.

妙语点睛　这里的for fear that相当于说in order that...not，所以for fear that there should be any misunderstanding可以改写为in order that there should not be any misunderstanding。

精品译文　我们开了个会，又当面谈了这件事，以免发生任何误会。

此外，我们还可用in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end that等来表示目的。请看例句：

7　The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

精品译文　老师提高了声音，以便坐在后排的学生能听得更清楚。

思维总结

本节主要讨论了各种引导目的状语从句的连词，并且介绍了目的状语从句的简化。另外，建议读者了解一下引导目的状语从句的其他连词。

思维训练

Exercise 3.6

选择最佳答案填空。

1. Let's take the front seats 　　　 we may have a better view.

A. so as to

B. in order to

C. in order

D. that

2. The motorist looked over the engine carefully 　　　 on the way.

A. so that it should go wrong

B. lest it should go wrong

C. in order that should not go wrong

D. for fear that it should not go wrong

3. I spoke slowly and clearly 　　　 the audience to understand me.

A. so that

B. in order that

C. in order for

D. so as

4. Batteries must be kept in dry places 　　　 electricity should leak away.

A. where

B. lest

C. that

D. unless





3.7　结果状语从句

3.7.1　常见连词的用法

常用的引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that, such...that以及so that和such that。下面笔者将详细讨论它们的用法。注意：结果状语从句都要放在主句之后，而不能提到句首。

一、连词so...that的用法

我们见到的最多的结果状语从句就是由so...that引导的。这里so后面接形容词或副词，间或接分词。请看例句：