32. Without facts we can't form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge 　　　 our thinking.

A. upon which to base

B. which to base upon

C. which to be based on

D. to which to be based

33. His great grandmother was among the last to settle in 　　　 is now the famous mountain resort.

A. that

B. where

C. which

D. what

34. More middle-aged persons suffer from heart trouble than

A. it generally is realized

B. is generally realized

C. generally it is realized

D. generally is realized

35. Poverty is also threatening the company's most valuable resource, its staff,

A. who are increasingly being lured

B. which is increasingly being lured

C. lured increasingly

D. to be increasingly lured

36. So quickly are science and technology advancing 　　　 is a possibility today may be a reality tomorrow.

A. which

B. what

C. that which

D. that what

37. 　　　 is known to all, gases expand and contract with the increase and decrease of temperature.

A. Which

B. As

C. That

D. It

38. "Do you like the book your father gave you?"

"Very much. It's exactly 　　　 I wanted."

A. one which

B. that

C. one what

D. the one

39. He never sells such books 　　　 are considered harmful to the readers.

A. that

B. as

C. which

D. what

40. Physics is the present-day equivalent of 　　　 used to be called natural philosophy, 　　　 which most of present-day science arose.

A. what...from

B. that...from

C. which...of

D. what...with

41. Many birds have feathers 　　　 with their surroundings.

A. colors blend

B. that colors blend

C. whose colors blend

D. of which the colors that blend

42. Civil rights are the freedoms and rights 　　　 as a member of a community, state, or nation.

A. may have a person

B. a person who may have

C. a person may have

D. and a person may have

43. The computer has dramatically affected 　　　 photographic lenses are constructed.

A. is the way

B. that the way

C. which way do

D. the way

44. Despite its wide range of styles and instrumentation, country music has certain common features 　　　 its own special character.

A. give it that

B. that give it

C. that give

D. that gives it to

45. Mango trees, 　　　 densely covered with glossy leaves and bear small fragrant flowers, grow rapidly and can attain heights of up to 90 feet.

A. whose

B. which are

C. are when

D. which

46. The computer has brought about surprising technological changes 　　　 we organize and produce information.

A. in a way

B. in the way

C. in that way

D. in no way

47. In the early twentieth century, the "Model T" automobile was mass-produced and sold at a price 　　　 could afford.

A. the average person who

B. that the average person who

C. and the average person

D. the average person

48. There are many copper mines in the state of Arizona, 　　　 contributes significantly to the state's economy.

A. a fact

B. which fact

C. whose fact

D. that

49. 　　　, dolphins have no sense of smell.

A. As known as far

B. Known thus far as

C. It is known as far

D. As far as is known

50. Giant pandas resemble bears in shape and in 　　　.

A. it is a slow, clumsy way to walk

B. the slow, clumsy way that they walk

C. they walk in a slow, clumsy way

D. their slow walk is clumsy

2. 辨别改错。

51. Members of a nation's foreign service represent that country's interests abroad (A) and report on (B) the conditions, trends, and policies of the country which (C) they are (D) stationed.

52. Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists have paid (A) little attention to cultural interpretations given to (B) silence, or to (C) the types of social contexts in which tends (D) to occur.

53. Light rays what (A) enter the eye must be focused onto (B) a point on the retina in order for (C) a clear visual image to form (D).

54. Carson McCullers was only (A) 23 when she published (B) her first novel, The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter for what (C) she received much (D) acclaim.

55. A mirage is an atmospheric (A) optical illusion in what (B) an observer sees a nonexistent body of water or (C) an image of some object (D).

56. Humus, a substance found (A) in soil, is soft and spongy (B) and enables plant roots to send out tiny hairs through that (C) they (D) absorb water and food.

57. They pointed out (A) the damage which (B) they supposed that (C) had been done by last night's (D) storm.

58. There are many (A) valuable services which the public are willing to pay for (B), but which does (C) not bring a return in money (D) to the community.

59. Vaccines for some (A) rare diseases are given only to persons which (B) risk exposure (C) to the disease (D).

60. This is the most important respect which (A) civilized man (B) can be distinguished from (C) primitive communities (D).

61. Doppler radar can be used to determine the direction (A) which (B) the particles (C) of a cloud are moving (D).

62. By (A) 1860 the railroad of the United States had (B) 3, 000 miles of track (C), three-quarters of which it (D) was east of the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio River.

63. Eleanor Roosevelt set (A) the standard which (B) the wives of all United States (C) Presidents since (D) have been evaluated.

64. Ripe fruit is (A) often stored in a place where (B) contains much (C) carbon dioxide so that (D) the fruit will not decay too rapidly.

65. When television (A) was first (B) introduced, the extent to what (C) it would affect society could not have been foreseen (D).

66. Public demonstrations are an (A) effective means which (B) the people can bring social inequalities (C) to the attention of government (D) officials.

67. The speed at what (A) an animal lives is determined (B) by measuring (C) the rate at which (D) it uses oxygen.

68. Americans regard education as (A) the means which (B) the inequalities among individuals are to be (C) erased and by which every desirable end is to be achieved (D).

69. A frequent criticism (A) of most online companies has (B) been the snail's pace to which (C) they deliver (D) their products.

70. For each (A) enzyme（酶）reaction there is (B) an optimum（最适宜的）temperature which (C) maximum efficiency (D) is achieved.

71. The term "metabolism（新陈代谢）" refers to (A) the chemical changes (B) which (C) living (D) things transform food into energy.

72. The outer layer (A) of the heart, called (B) the pericardium, forms (C) a sac in what (D) the heart lies.





第三章　状语从句



一般来讲，英语中的状语从句有九大类，分别可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、方式。在本章中，读者将领略到状语从句的全貌，系统地学习各种状语从句的用法。本章主要内容安排如下：

3.1　状语从句的本质

3.2　状语从句的省略

3.3　时间状语从句

3.4　地点状语从句

3.5　原因状语从句

3.6　目的状语从句

3.7　结果状语从句

3.8　条件状语从句

3.9　让步状语从句

3.10　比较状语从句

3.11　方式状语从句





3.1　状语从句的本质

尽管状语从句数目较多，但理解起来并不难。因为从本质上来讲，状语从句就是用不同的连词将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句之间特定的逻辑关系。我们先来看下面这个故事：

1　There is a story about a wealthy farmer who was once offered all the land he could walk on in a day, provided he came back by the sundown to the point where he started. To get a head start, early the next morning the farmer started covering ground quickly because he wanted to get as much land as he could. Even though he was tired, he kept going all afternoon because he didn't want to miss this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to gain more wealth.

妙语点睛　我们看到，这段文字里有四个逻辑连词：一个表示条件关系的provided，两个表示因果关系的because，还有一个表示让步关系的even though，它们分别连接各个分句，以明确表示分句之间的逻辑语义关系。顺便要提及的是，这里也有我们在第二章里详细讨论过的定语从句，比如who was once offered all the land修饰wealthy farmer，(which/that) he could walk on in a day修饰the land（关系词which或that被省去），where he started修饰the point。

这个故事的结尾是：这个农夫因为过于贪婪，总是不停地往前跑，想得到更多的土地，最后他精疲力竭，死了。他被埋葬了，此时他所需要的土地也只是那么一小块而已（He was buried and all the land he needed was a small plot.）。

精品译文　这里讲的是一个富农的故事。他得到了一个机会，能够获得一天内走到的所有土地，前提条件是他得在日落前回到他的出发地。为了占尽先机，第二天一早农夫就快速地上路了，因为他想得到尽可能多的土地。尽管他十分疲惫，整个下午他仍然在不停地行走，因为他不希望错过这个获取更多财富的千载难逢的机会。

我们再来看下面这篇2002年的考研阅读题第四篇文章节选：

2　George Annas, chair of the Health Law Department at Boston University, maintains that, 　　　　　　 a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal 　　　 the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides 　　　 the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, 　　　　　　 they risked their death. 　　　 you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide 　　　　　　 you don't intend their suicide."

精品译文　波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯认为，只要医生所开的药物是用于合法的医疗目的，他就没有做违法的事情，即使病人用这些药物来加速死亡。“这就好比外科手术，”他说道：“我们并不把外科手术过程中发生的死亡称作他杀，因为医生并不想要杀死他们的病人，虽然他们冒了致人死亡的风险。如果你是医生，你可以冒病人自杀的风险，只要你没有想要他们自杀。”

读者可以先认真分析判断上下句之间的逻辑关系，然后再填入合适的连词，或根据上面的译文来填连词（答案见P349）。通过这个小练习我们看到，掌握引导九类状语从句的有关连接词的用法特点是学习状语从句的关键。只要记住这些连接词，就能够识别是何种状语从句，从而正确分析句子的结构并理解句子的意思。基于状语从句的这种本质特征，在英语考试中涉及状语从句的考题主要是出现在完形填空题中，就是在两个分句之间留一空格，让考生依据上下文来判断两个分句之间的逻辑关系，从而填入能使语义连贯的连接词。

在具体阐述各状语从句的连接词及其用法特点之前，我们先来看几道考研真题：

3　Not everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless. Estimates range anywhere from 600, 000 to 3 million. 　　　 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is increasing.

A. Now that

B. Although

C. Provided

D. Except that

正确答案　B。

妙语点睛　这是2006年的考研完形填空第7题。本题考查句子之间的语义关系，也就是考状语从句连接词的使用，所以我们必须先分析两个分句the figure may vary和analysts do agree on another matter之间的逻辑关系。我们看到前一个分句说“数字也许不同”，而后一个分句则表示“分析人士对另一件事持有共识”。显然，这两个分句之间是一种转折让步的关系，故而正确答案是B。

精品译文　不是每个人都认可美国无家可归者的人数，人们的估计数字从60万到300万不等。尽管数字不同，但是分析人士均认同另外一件事：无家可归者的人数正在增加。

4　Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, 　　　 not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their lives around.

A. when

B. once

C. while

D. whereas

正确答案　C。

妙语点睛　这是2006年的考研完形填空第14题。同上题一样，本题考查句子之间的语义关系，也就是考状语从句连接词的使用，但比上一题的难度要大。此题的难度来自两方面：一是分句之间逻辑关系的判断。要分析这里两个分句 　　　 not addicted or mentally ill（此句为省略句，相当于they are not addicted or mentally ill）和many others simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their lives around之间的逻辑关系，我们不仅要看这两个分句的本身，更要着眼于更大的语篇范围，即把前两个句子Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders也考虑在内。前面的两句话解释了许多无家可归者流浪街头的三个原因：酗酒或吸毒成瘾，以及精神疾病。接下来，作者从另一个角度来说明为什么他们流浪街头：虽然另外一些无家可归者既不酗酒、吸毒，也无精神疾病，但是仍然流浪街头，是因为他们缺乏必要的生存技能。

所以，这里要填入一个表示让步转折关系的连词。C和D选项都有转折的意思，但哪个更好呢？这就是造成本题难度加大的第二个原因。这里需要我们分辨while和whereas的区别。while作连词时主要有四个意思：

1）当……时候（during the time that），时间状语从句连词；

2）只要（as long as），条件状语从句连词；

3）尽管（although），让步状语从句连词；

4）然而（whereas），表示对比。

而whereas主要就是用来表示对比，比如：Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.（有些人喜欢肥肉，相反有些人讨厌肥肉。）关于whereas这种表示对比的用法在我们下面将要讨论的2005年的考研真题中也得到进一步印证。也就是说，while的意思包含了whereas的意思，而whereas并不能包含while。我们这里选while，就是取它的第三个意思“尽管”。

精品译文　部分问题在于，许多无家可归的成年人酗酒或吸毒成瘾，还有大量的无家可归者患有严重的精神疾病。其他许多人虽然未酗酒、吸毒成瘾或患有精神疾病，但是他们缺乏改变他们生活所必需的生存技能。

5　Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 　　　 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.

A. when

B. since

C. for

D. whereas

正确答案　D。

妙语点睛　这是2005年考研完形填空第9题。同上题一样，本题考查句子之间的语义关系，也就是考状语从句连接词的使用。我们在分析上一句时提到过，whereas表示两者之间的对比关系，这正符合这句话里的两个分句some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another和others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers之间的逻辑关系。我们也看到，这里出题者就没有像上题那样，同时给出两个表示转折让步关系的选项while和whereas（否则两个就都可以选），而是给出了一个表示时间的连接词when。

精品译文　奇怪的是，有些人发现他们能够闻到一种类型的花香但闻不到另一种花香，而另外一些人则对两种花香都敏感。

6　Glenn: Does it matter if the accents are British or American?

Nick: Not really. It's a matter of preference. Some people like a British accent whereas others prefer an American one.

精品译文　格林：选择英音还是美音这很重要吗？

尼克：不重要，只是偏好的问题。一些人喜欢英音而另一些喜欢美音。

7　The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 　　　 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans.

A. but

B. while

C. and

D. whereas

正确答案　B。

妙语点睛　这是1997年的考研完形填空第48题。本题考查句子之间的语义关系，也就是考状语从句连接词的使用。细心的读者一定还发现了，这道题给出的选项也像上面分析过的2006年的考研真题一样，同时有while和whereas。那么到底该选哪个连词，我们还是得先分析分句之间的逻辑语义关系。这里有两个分句the phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive和avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans，后一个分句相当于一个省略句，其完整形式应该是they avoid market cycles and the growing burdens...。我们很容易判断出，这两个分句都是在说明美国劳动力过剩现象给美国公司带来的两方面好处——使美国公司既保持了自身的国际竞争力，同时也避免了市场周期的冲击和就业法规的限制，以及医疗费用和养老金造成的日益繁重的负担。而在选项中只有while能够表示这种关系，这里的while意为“与此同时”。

精品译文　这种现象为公司开辟了一条道路，使它们既保持了自身的国际竞争力，同时也避免了市场周期的冲击和就业法规的限制，以及医疗费用和养老金造成的日益繁重的负担。

从对以上几个例句的分析中我们可知，出题者是要求考生对连词while的意义和用法有一个深入的了解和全面的掌握。所以，我们需要对各个状语从句的逻辑连接词的用法特点和意义都要有很好的把握，才能真正以不变应万变来应对考试。由此可见，掌握引导九类状语从句的有关连接词的用法特点和意义是学习状语从句的关键。只要记住连接词，就能够识别是何种状语从句，从而正确地分析句子结构并理解句子的意思。

在此，笔者先把各状语从句的连接词展示给大家，然后在后面的各小节里详细阐述其用法。状语从句的连接词主要有：



状语从句的种类 常用连接词 特殊连接词

时间状语从句 when, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as 1. 一些表示时间的名词：the moment, the instant, the minute, the day, next time, every time

2. 一些副词：instantly, immediately, directly

3. 固定搭配的连词：no sooner...than, hardly...when, scarcely...when

地点状语从句 where wherever, anywhere, everywhere

原因状语从句 because, as, for, since seeing that, considering that, now that, given that, in that, inasmuch as, insomuch as

目的状语从句 so that, in order that, that lest, for fear that, in case, in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end that

结果状语从句 so...that, so that, such...that such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that

条件状语从句 if, unless suppose, supposing, providing, provided, on condition that, so long as, as long as

让步状语从句 although, though, even though, even if 1. while（一般用在句首）, as （用于倒装结构）

2. wh-ever: whatever, whoever, whichever, however, whenever, wherever, whether...or

3. as adj. as+主谓结构用在句首

比较状语从句 as, than 其他比较句型：the more..., the more...; just as..., so...; A is to B what/as C is to D; no more...than; not A so much as B/not so much A as B

方式状语从句 as, the way




思维总结