妙语点睛　这是布什总统地夫人劳拉（Laura）对老师的评价。她自己也曾经是一名教师。这句话地意思相当于韩愈的那个名句：“师者，传道，授业，解惑也”。

精品译文　老师不只是授业解惑，他们还是年轻生命的力量源泉。

5　I would rather go naked than wear furs.

精品译文　我宁愿裸体，也不愿穿动物毛皮。

6　Rather than wait anymore, I decided to go home by taxi.

精品译文　我决定打车回家，而不想再等下去了。

7　Rather than go on with his work, he went home.

精品译文　他回家了，不再继续工作。

8　No one could do other than admire it.

精品译文　大家都很推崇它。

9　To my great surprise, she preferred to give herself up rather than hide herself.

精品译文　她宁愿选择投降而不躲藏起来，这令我大吃一惊。

10　In the course of a day students do far more than just attend classes.

精品译文　一天的课程中，学生们除了上课还要做其他很多事情。

三、在do nothing/anything/everything but do句型中

在这个句型里关键是因为前面有do，所以but后面的不定式要省去to，因此说成but do，而不是but to do*。请比较：

11　1) I have nothing to do but wait.

2) I have no choice but to wait.

妙语点睛　在例句1）中，因为but前面有do，所以wait前面省去to。在例句2）中，因为but前面没有do，所以wait前面保留to。

精品译文　我没办法，只好等。

12　He will do anything but give in.

精品译文　他决不会屈服。

再比如，下面的句中因为没有do，所以but后面都保留了to：

13　He needs nothing but to succeed.

精品译文　他要的只是成功。

14　That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but to call in the police.

精品译文　情况太严重了，我只有打电话报警。

15　Having missed that last bus, Bob had no alternative but to take a taxi home though he did not like the idea.

精品译文　由于错过了最后一班公共汽车，鲍勃只好打车回家，虽然他并不愿意这样。

还有，对于解释do的精确含义的主语从句或者定语从句的句子，在主句谓语be动词后直接加do，而不是to do。萨达姆是在2006年12月30日星期六上午11点被处决的。谈到他被处死，媒体上评论说：

16　Saddam Hussein has been executed. All his execution do is stir up a real vendetta.

妙语点睛　这里all作主语，后面是定语从句his execution do，此时is的后面直接用stir而不是to stir*。这里stir up a real vendetta是解释前面的do的精确含义的，相当于一个强调句型。

精品译文　萨达姆·侯赛因已经被处决了。他的被处死只能激起更深的仇恨。

我们再看看下面这对夫妻的争执：

17　Husband: I have a very demanding job. I'm tired when I get home.

Wife: I also have a demanding job, but I'm expected to come home from the office and cook, care for the children and clean the house. All you do is sit and watch television and complain about how tired you are.

妙语点睛　我们看到，这里没有说is to sit and watch*，而是省去了to。

精品译文　丈夫：我的工作压力很大，所以下班回家后我很累。

妻子：我的工作压力也不小，可是我下班回家后还得做饭、照顾孩子、收拾房间。而你就只是坐在那里看电视，还有抱怨自己有多累。

我们再来看下面这句话：

18　No mountain's too high for you to climb. All you have to do is have some climbing faith. No river's too wide for you to make it across. All you have to do is believe it when you pray.

妙语点睛　我们看到，这里do后面作表语的不定式have和believe的前面都省去了to。

精品译文　没有哪座山因为太高而令你无法翻越，只要你有攀登的信念；没有哪条河因为太宽而令你无法跨越，只要你相信当你祈祷时奇迹就会发生。

最后，请读者记住下面这句话：

19　We can't make everyone love us. All we can do is let ourselves be loved.

妙语点睛　这里其实共有三处to被省去：一是make后面的love，不是to love；二是is后面的let，不是to let；三是let后面的be loved，不是to be loved。

精品译文　虽然我们无法做到让所有人都爱我们，但我们要能做到让自己有人爱。

我想，真正懂得这句话的道理的读者，在爱的路上走起来就应该会轻松和豁达许多，因为爱无法强求，无法去make，只能自己去earn。幸福，请在对的地方寻找……

四、在why（not）+do句子中

在特殊疑问词中，只有why后面要接省去to的不定式。其中，肯定形式的Why do sth.表示“为什么要做某事呢？”含有责怪之意，通常表明做某事是无意义或愚蠢的。请看例句：

20　A: I really hate to write the essay Professor Smith assigned us.

B: Why bother then?

妙语点睛　不能说Why to bother then?*

精品译文　A：史密斯教授布置的那篇论文我真不想写。

B：那干吗还费劲去写呢？

21　Why pay to see that movie, since you can see it on TV for nothing?

精品译文　既然你不花钱就可以在电视上看到那个电影，那为什么还要花钱去看呢？

而否定形式的Why not do sth.?则通常表示建议，在口语中非常常用。比如：

22　Why not take a holiday?

精品译文　为什么不休个假呢？

五、在并列结构中，to常被省去

具体来说，两个动词由and, or, but等词连接时，为了避免重复而把连词后面的不定式的to省去。比如：

23　I'd like to lie down and (to) go to sleep.

精品译文　我想躺下睡觉。

24　Do you want to have lunch now or (to) wait till later?

精品译文　你想现在就吃午饭还是等一会再吃？

25　I haven't decided whether to go home or (to) stay at school during the coming summer vacation.

精品译文　快放暑假了，可我还没决定是回家还是呆在学校。

不过需要注意的是，若两个不定式动词之间有对比之义，则均须保留to。比如在4.5.3小节讨论过的这个例句：

26　The need to love and to be loved seems universal. Maybe this is one trait that separates human beings from other animals.

妙语点睛　这里的to love与to be loved之间显然有强调对比之意，所以and后面的不定式保留了to。

精品译文　爱与被爱的需要似乎是人类普遍的特性，或许正是这一特性把人和动物区分开了。

请看更多的例句：

27　It is the greatest happiness on earth to love and to be loved.

精品译文　爱与被爱是世界上最大的幸福。

28　I came not to praise, but to scold you.

精品译文　我来不是为了要夸奖你，而是要批评你。

其实，即使不只是在并列结构中，只要不定式有对比强调的含义，此时不定式的to都会保留。比如：

29　To play fair is as important as to play well.

精品译文　公平竞争与赛出水平同等重要。

30　He likes to be respected, not to respect others.

精品译文　他喜欢被别人尊重，但就是不愿尊重别人。

六、在一些固定的动词搭配中

这些搭配包括：make do（设法应付，对付），make believe（假装），let drop（使……掉下来），let fall（让……倒下），let fly（放飞），let slip（放走，错失机会），let go of（松开），hear say（听说），leave go of（放走）等等。请看例句：

31　Let's make believe we are now on a deserted island.

精品译文　现在让我们来假想自己是在一座孤岛上。

谈到美国的好莱坞，有这样一个句子：

32　Hollywood is the land of make-believe. Actors pretend they're someone else, and when the movie's finished, the producers make believe it's good.

精品译文　好莱坞就是这么一个“虚假的”地方：演员们假装自己是别的什么人，电影拍完后，制片人假想它很卖座。

思维总结

对于不定式to的省略结构，重点是4.14.1小节，以及4.14.2小节的第一和第三点，读者应该掌握这些用法。

思维训练

Exercise 4.14

1. 用括号中动词的适当形式填空。

1. The boy was made 　　　 (sing) the song once again.

2. Don't make children 　　　 (work) too hard.

3. They would rather 　　　 (die) than 　　　 (surrender).

4. He could not choose but 　　　 (love) her.

5. She could do nothing but 　　　 (change) her name under the circumstances.

6. There was nothing to do except 　　　 (escape).

7. He has no alternative but 　　　 (go) and ask his sister for help.

8. If he is not willing to be with you, why 　　　 (not, ask) somebody else?

9. Since he is only a kid, why 　　　 (make) fun of him?

10. A: What can you see in a park?

B: I can see birds 　　　 (fly) in the sky and sometimes I can see people 　　　 (do) shadowboxing.

A: Do you hear anything in the park?

B: Yes, I can hear people 　　　 (chat) here and there and sometimes I can hear young people 　　　 (speak) English at the English corner.

2. 选择最佳答案填空。

11. Henry made his little brother 　　　 the dishes for him.

A. washing

B. to wash

C. wash

D. washed

12. A: Did you translate it?

B: No, I 　　　 a friend to do it.

A. had

B. got

C. made

D. let

13. They are going to have the serviceman 　　　 an electric fan in the office tomorrow.

A. install

B. to install

C. to be installed

D. installed

14. The minister had his secretaries 　　　 a press conference.

A. arrange

B. to arrange

C. arranging

D. arranged

15. To my great surprise, she preferred to give herself up 　　　 herself.

A. than hiding

B. rather than to hide

C. to hiding

D. rather than hide

16. In the course of a day students do far more than just 　　　 classes.

A. attend

B. attended

C. to attend

D. attending

17. That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but 　　　 the police.

A. called in

B. calling in

C. call in

D. to call in

18. Having missed that last bus, Bob had no alternative 　　　 a taxi home though he did not like the idea. (CET-4)

A. but to take

B. take to but

C. to but take

D. to take but

19. She could do nothing but 　　　 her name under the circumstances.

A. to change

B. changing

C. change

D. to be changed

写给读者的话

一、本章学习思路

本章内容主要分为两大方面：一是不定式在句中所能充当的各种成分；二是不定式本身的构成形式，即不定式的时态和语态构成，要求读者能真正理解各种不定式形式所表达的不同含义。

二、本章重点及难点

本章的重点内容包括：



不定式放在句末作主语；

不定式作宾语的结构；

不定式作宾语补足语的结构；

不定式作定语的语义关系，重点是宾语关系和同位语关系；

不定式用在形容词后面的语义关系，尤其要关注宾语关系；

不定式作目的状语；

掌握不定式逻辑主语的构成（一）：for+名词或代词+to do；

熟练掌握不定式的被动结构、完成式的意义和用法，掌握完成不定式的谓语特点；

熟悉掌握省去to的不定式。



本章的难点在于4.6节讨论的“形容词+to do”这个结构，因为它有复杂的逻辑语义关系和句型结构。另外，4.5节讨论的不定式作定语的结构也比较复杂，请注意理解各种逻辑语义关系，重点是宾语关系和同位语关系。

三、本章学习时间安排

非谓语中的“不定式”在繁杂程度上类似于从句中的“状语从句”，二者内容都比较多而杂，所以建议读者也需要花较多的时间来学习。

读者可以花两周的时间来读完本章内容以及做完所有的练习。这些时间可以分为两大部分：大部分时间放在不定式作成分的内容方面，另一部分时间用来集中研究不定式的时态和语态问题。其中应该把“名词+to do”和“形容词+to do”两部分内容结合起来分析比较，重点放在它们的逻辑语义关系上，这可以花五天的时间来认真研究、总结、反复思考并进行相应的练习。其他成分的内容可以花五天时间来学习。最后一部分时间分配到不定式的时态和语态上，重点是完成式to have done的意义。

在看完所有的讲解内容之后，读者可以再从头到尾总结一下，最后再做综合练习，并参照所给答案认真分析。

综合练习

1. 选择最佳答案填空。

1. 　　　 any aspect of society, the sociologist must determine the laws influencing human behavior in social contexts.

A. Explain

B. To explain

C. One explains

D. The explanation of

2. 　　　 as a masterpiece, a work of art must transcend the ideals of the period in which it was created.

A. To rank

B. The ranking

C. To be ranked

D. For being ranked

3. 　　　 the demands of aerospace, medicine, and agriculture, engineers are creating exotic new metallic substances.

A. Meet

B. Being met are

C. To meet

D. They are meeting

4. On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market, 　　　 some bananas and visited her cousin.

A. bought

B. buying

C. to buy

D. buy

5. We will have to get the Dean 　　　 this form.

A. to sign

B. sign

C. signed

D. signing

6. She is having her car 　　　 this week.

A. to repair

B. repair

C. repaired

D. repairing

7. The doctor had the patient 　　　 on at once.

A. operate

B. operated

C. to operate

D. operating

8. My sister's professor had her 　　　 her paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee.

A. rewritten

B. to rewrite

C. rewrite

D. rewriting

9. The teacher had the students 　　　 their homework every day.

A. do

B. to do

C. done

D. doing

10. We're leaving at six o'clock in the morning, and hope to 　　　 most of the journey by lunch time.

A. be doing

B. have done

C. have been done

D. do

11. A membership card authorizes 　　　 the club's facilities of a period of 12 months.

A. the holder using

B. the holder's use

C. the holder to use

D. the holder uses

12. He asked 　　　 since he had been chairman for seven years.

A. not to have been re-elected

B. to be not re-elected

C. not to be re-elected

D. to have not been re-elected

13. The police were tracking the criminal who was said 　　　 in a nearby wood.

A. have hidden

B. to be hiding

C. to hiding

D. to hide

14. At the Seventh International Ballet Competitions, Ferando Bujones won the first gold medal ever 　　　 to a United States male dancer.

A. to be awarded

B. to award

C. that awards

D. should be awarding

15. "I was arguing with him about our plan just now."

"Why 　　　 with him? He'll never change his mind."

A. arguing

B. argue

C. to argue

D. you argue

16. It is extremely important for an engineer to know 　　　 a computer.

A. use

B. to use

C. how to use

D. using

17. The ancient Egyptians are supposed 　　　 rockets to the moon.

A. to send

B. to be sending

C. to have sent

D. to have been sending

18. He prefers to stay here 　　　 go home.

A. than to

B. rather than

C. rather than to

D. than

19. The use of well-chosen nonsense words makes 　　　 the testing of many basic hypotheses in the field of language learning.

A. it is possible

B. it possible

C. possible

D. them possible

20. I should very much like to have gone to the party, but I 　　　.

A. was not invited

B. am not invited

C. shall not be invited

D. am not being invited

21. All too often, women complain that they're educated as equals, only to go out into the workforce 　　　 as inferiors.

A. to treat

B. to be treated

C. be treated

D. treat

22. After twenty years abroad, William came back only 　　　 his hometown severely damaged in an earthquake.

A. finding

B. to find

C. was finding

D. was to find

23. They were believed 　　　 the problem beforehand.

A. to discuss

B. in discussing

C. to have discussed

D. to have been discussed

24. 　　　 money in such a dishonest way, he would beg in the streets.

A. Rather than getting

B. Rather than to get

C. Rather than get

D. More than get

25. He came all the way to help her 　　　 that she drowned herself in a well.

A. only to find

B. to find

C. in order to find

D. so as to find

26. He preferred 　　　 with that Managing Editor.

A. not to identifying

B. identify himself

C. identity

D. not to identify himself

27. Caught in the act, he had no alternative but

A. confess

B. confessing

C. confessed

D. to confess

28. It is heartening to see millions who had nothing but a record of misery and hunger 　　　 to improve their life.

A. having had the chance

B. had the chance

C. to have the chance

D. have the chance

29. The girl tried many times to sneak across the border to a neighboring country, 　　　 each time.

A. having been caught

B. always being caught

C. had been caught

D. only to be caught

30. I experienced having students 　　　 a thousand new words in a week.

A. considering less talented to remember

B. considered less talented remember

C. considering less talented remember

D. considered less talented to remember

31. The party 　　　 at my house, but the central heating broke down, and we had to have it at John's place.

A. would be

B. have been

C. was to be

D. was to have been

32. For the government, the challenge 　　　 the reform to the end.

A. is carry out

B. is to carry out

C. is for carrying out

D. is to carrying out

33. The Cubists were concerned with how 　　　 a given subject from different points of view simultaneously.