A. having to flourish

B. to flourish

C. to have flourished

D. have flourished

正确答案　C。

妙语点睛　句子的谓语appears表示现在，而some 100 years ago表示不定式的动作发生在过去，所以不定式应该用完成式，故选to have flourished正确。

精品译文　红杉出现于大约100年前，分布在世界各地北方的森林里。

另外，形容词likely也是表示推测的，因而当likely后面的不定式的动作发生在谓语的动作之前时，不定式也要用完成式。比如：

24　Despite her many political faults and weaknesses, she was a champion of democracy and human rights and an advocate of dealing harshly with the country's armed and determined Islamic militants. These radicals are believed to be the ones most likely to have killed her.

妙语点睛　2007年12月27日，巴基斯坦前总理贝·布托（former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto）遇刺身亡，有媒体推测伊斯兰激进分子最可能是凶手。

精品译文　抛开她的诸多政治错误和缺陷不论，她是一个民主与人权的斗士，不屈不挠地与这个国家顽固的伊斯兰武装激进分子斗争。这些激进分子最可能是刺杀她的凶手。

到目前为止，在我们上面所举的例子中，句子的谓语都是一般现在时态，而不定式的动作是在过去发生的，于是要用完成式的to have done，从这个意义上说不定式的完成式相当于不定式的过去式。但是，句子的谓语也可以用过去时态，此时如果不定式仍然用完成式的to have done，则依然是表示不定式的动作发生在谓语的动作之前，只不过此时的不定式就相当于一个过去完成时态。请看例句：

25　Species at one time was thought to have become extinct at the time of the dinosaurs. An Indonesian fisherman has caught a coelacanth, an ancient fish once thought to have become extinct at the time of the dinosaurs, a fishery expert said on Monday.

妙语点睛　这是雅虎网站上刊登的一则新闻，说的是一个印尼渔民捕捞到一条腔棘鱼（coelacanth），这可不是一般的鱼，因为人们一直认为这种鱼已经灭绝了，但现在却发现还有活着的。因为有了这条活腔棘鱼为证，所以谓语用过去时was thought来表示“过去”人们认为该鱼类已经灭绝（to have become extinct）。这里的不定式的动作又是在was thought之前发生的，所以依然要用完成式to have become，这个不定式的完成式就相当于过去完成时态had become。比如原句可以这样改写：It was thought that this ancient fish had become extinct at the time of the dinosaurs.

精品译文　曾经被认为已经在恐龙时代就灭绝了的物种现在又被发现了。一位鱼类专家本周一说，一个印尼渔民日前捕捞到一条腔棘鱼，这是一种古老的鱼类，曾经被认为在恐龙时代就已经灭绝。

从这个例句我们可以得到启示：不定式的完成式to have done不一定都是表示过去时态。事实上，不定式的完成式只是表示不定式的动作在谓语的动作之前发生，并不能代表具体的时态。至于它具体能相当于什么时间的动作，这与句子的谓语以及句子其他方面的信息有关。一般来讲，它主要相当于一个过去时态，此外还可以是现在完成时态或过去完成时态。请比较：

26　I am sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.

=I am sorry that I have kept you waiting for so long.

27　She said she was sorry to have missed you.

=She said she was sorry that she had missed you.

28　I am sorry not to have come on Thursday.

=I am sorry that I didn't come on Thursday.

从以上改写后的句子我们可以清楚地看出，其中的不定式的完成式分别等于不同的时态。所以，一般的语法书上把不定式的完成式称为“不定式的过去时态”，直接说成是表示过去的动作，这是不十分准确的。对此，读者需要明确。其实，不仅如此，不定式的完成式还可以表示过去的虚拟事件，即表达一个“非真实的”过去。请看下一节的详细讲解。

4.11.2　表示“非真实的”过去

我们可以把不定式的完成式用在表示打算、需要或计划等动词的过去时后面，表示“过去本打算做但事实上没有实现的动作”。这些动词有：mean, intend, think, plan, hope, wish和propose等等。请看例句：

1　I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot.

精品译文　我本来打算打电话的，但是我忘记了。

2　I planned to have visited you yesterday evening, but I was too busy.

精品译文　我本来想昨晚去看你，但我太忙了。

另外，我们还可以用上述动词的过去完成时态来表示虚拟，但此时的不定式不可用完成式的to have done，而要用一般式的to do。请看例句：

3　I had intended to see you, but I was busy.

不能说：

I had intended to have seen you, but I was busy. *

最后，我们还可用下面这几种结构表达同样的意思：was/were to have done, would like to have done, should like to have done。

请看例句：

4　I was to have visited you yesterday evening.

5　I was to have telephoned, but I forgot.

6　Russian President Vladimir Putin was to have been here for this meeting, but he canceled his trip, because of the hostage-taking incident last week at a Moscow theater.

精品译文　俄罗斯总统普京原计划要来参加此次会议，但他取消了这次行程，因为上周在莫斯科的一家剧院发生了一起劫持人质的事件。

综上所述，表示“过去想做而实际未做成”的事，有下述三种表达方式：



was/were to have done, would like to have done, should like to have done

intended (meant, designed, hoped, planned, thought, wished, proposed)+to have done

had intended (meant, designed, hoped, planned, thought, wished, proposed)+to do



4.11.3　偶尔表示将来的动作

在某些特殊的结构中，不定式的完成式还可以表示一个将来的活动，相当于一个将来完成时态。比如：

1　She hopes to have finished the work by the time he comes back.

精品译文　她希望在他回来之前把这些工作都做完。

这句话本来是由宾语从句转换而来的，原宾语从句的结构是：

She hopes that she will have finished the work by the time he comes back.

由于句中的by the time对应的主句一般用完成时态，因此改成不定式也要用完成式，这时表示的是一个将来要完成的动作。

到目前为止，我们讨论的不定式的完成式都是放在谓语后面的，与谓语动词一起构成复合谓语。我们看一个用在名词后面作定语的例子：

2　Great Wall of China (220 B. C. and 1368-1644 A. D.) It is the largest man-made monument ever to have been built.

妙语点睛　该句的不定式的完成式to have been built放在名词monument后面作定语。因为长城是在过去建造的，所以用了完成被动式。

精品译文　中国的长城，这是人类迄今为止建造的最宏伟的工程。

这种用法非常少见，所以我们不再详细论述。

思维总结

对于不定式的完成式的意义和用法，读者重点是要掌握4.11.1小节讨论的“表示在谓语动作之前发生的动作”。要能够敏感地发现谓语的动作与不定式的动作之间的时间差，判断谁先谁后。若不定式在先，不定式用完成式；若不定式在后，不定式用一般式。此外，要能够熟练使用4.11.2小节讨论的用不定式的完成式表示“非真实的”过去。

思维训练

Exercise 4.11

1. 用括号中动词的适当形式填空。

1. Nero, who was Emperor of Rome from 54 to 68 A. D., is believed to 　　　 (murder) both his mother and his wife.

2. They seem to 　　　 (make) much progress in their English study.

3. We didn't expect you to 　　　 (wait) for us here.

4. They are proud to 　　　 (win) the football match.

5. You look tired. You seem to 　　　 (work) too hard all day.

6. A: I thought Sam was sick.

B: So did I. But he seems to 　　　 (recover) very quickly. He certainly doesn't seem to be sick now.

7. I am glad that my company sent me to another country to study. I am very pleased to 　　　 (give) the opportunity to learn about another culture.

8. Clint is fortunate to 　　　 (give) a scholarship.

9. A: Do you believe that Charlie did best in the exam?

B: Yes. He is said 　　　 (work) very hard.

10. It has been proved that some people's best ideas seem 　　　 (occur) when they were relaxing.

11. It has been proved that some people's best ideas seem 　　　 (occur) when they are relaxing and daydreaming.

2. 选择最佳答案填空。

12. He was to 　　　 to a foreign university but the war prevented.

A. have gone

B. go

C. be going

D. have been going

13. The bank is reported 　　　 in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday. (1992考研)

A. to be robbed

B. robbed

C. to have been robbed

D. having been robbed

14. The local health organization is reported 　　　 twenty-five years ago when Dr. Smith became its first president.

A. to be set up

B. being set up

C. to have been set up

D. having been set up





4.12　不定式的时态和语态（三）：进行式（to be doing）

不定式的进行式即to be doing，它的含义类似于一个进行时态，所以，常用来表示一个进行的动作。具体来说，用于描写在我们谈论的时间（现在或过去）正在发生的动作，或者说与谓语的动作同时发生的动作。

1　He pretended to be listening attentively when the teacher came by.

妙语点睛　这里的不定式的进行式to be listening相当于一个过去进行时态，还原后的句子相当于He pretended that he was listening attentively when the teacher came by.

精品译文　当老师走过时，他假装正在专心听讲的样子。

2　He pretended to be sleeping when she came in.

妙语点睛　这里的不定式的进行式to be sleeping相当于一个过去进行时态，还原后的句子相当于He pretended that he was sleeping when she came in.

精品译文　当她进来的时候，他假装在睡觉。

3　He happened to be singing in the room when I came in this morning.

妙语点睛　这里的不定式的进行式to be singing相当于一个过去进行时态，还原后的句子相当于It happened that he was singing in the room when I came in this morning。

精品译文　今天早晨我进来的时候，他碰巧正在唱歌。

4　I happened to be standing outside the bank, and I saw the robbery take place!

妙语点睛　这里的不定式的进行式to be standing相当于一个过去进行时态，还原后的句子相当于It happened that I was standing outside the bank and...

精品译文　我当时正好就在银行外面站着，亲眼目睹了这次抢劫案！

我们下面来看一则有关达尔文的笑话：

5

A Charming Monkey

Charles Darwin was once invited to dinner. He happened to be sitting with a beautiful young lady.

"Mr. Darwin," the lady asked the scientist in a joking voice, "In your opinion, man is changed from the monkey. Was I changed from a monkey, too?"

"Oh, of course you are," Darwin said politely, looking at her. "But you were not changed from a plain, but from a very charming monkey."

妙语点睛　这里的不定式的进行式to be sitting相当于一个过去进行时态，还原后的句子相当于It happened that he was sitting with a beautiful young lady.

精品译文

迷人的猴子

有一次，达尔文应邀去赴宴，碰巧和一位年轻貌美的小姐坐在一起。

“达尔文先生，”那位小姐以戏谑的口吻问这位科学家。“依您之见，人类是由猴子变来的，请问我也是从猴子变来的吗？”

“那当然喽，”达尔文望着她彬彬有礼地答道。“不过，您不是由普通的猴子变来的，而是由一只非常迷人的猴子变来的。”

在以上的例句中，不定式的进行式都是用在过去时里，此时就相当于一个过去进行时态。下面我们来看几个用于现在时的句子，比如：

6　A: Have you saved enough to buy that new printer for your computer yet?

B: You know money seems to be burning a hole in my pocket lately. Maybe next month.

妙语点睛　这里的不定式的进行式to be burning相当于一个现在进行时态，还原后的句子相当于It seems that money is burning a hole in my pocket.

精品译文　A：为你的电脑买那台新的打印机的钱你攒够了吗？

B：你知道，最近我有钱在口袋里就搁不住，就要花掉，所以也许要等下个月了。

7　The economy was in a slump, but now it seems to be bouncing back.

妙语点睛　这里的不定式的进行式to be bouncing相当于一个现在进行时态，还原后的句子相当于It seems that the economy is bouncing back.

精品译文　经济曾一度下滑，不过现在似乎正在反弹。

此外，不定式的进行式to be doing还可以表示反复发生的一般性动作。因为进行时态可以表示一个最近一段时间内持续进行的一般性动作，同样，不定式的进行式也可表示一个反复发生的一般性动作，此时带有很强的感情色彩。请看例句：

8　In the 1980s and early 1990s, athletes entering international sports competitions seemed to be getting younger and younger. Talented young athletes--boys and girls--were spotted early on in their school career, and were given special training.

妙语点睛　这里的不定式的进行式谈到的是跨越八九十年代的事情，所以宜解释为一个一直在持续的一般性活动。

精品译文　在20世纪80年代及90年代早期，参加国际大赛的运动员的年龄似乎越来越小。那些有天赋的年轻男女运动苗子很早就会在学校被发现，然后接受专门的训练。

从以上众多例句我们可以发现，不定式的进行式往往用在一些特定的谓语动词后面，这些谓语动词包括seem，happen和pretend等。不过也可以放在其他一些谓语动词后面，比如：

9　The most way to miss someone is to be sitting right beside them knowing you can't have them.

妙语点睛　这里的不定式的进行式直接放在be动词后边。

精品译文　思念一个人最无助的情形是：你就在此人身边却无法拥有他/她。

10　Smile at your interviewer to show you are glad to be talking with him or her. When you first meet, look your interviewer in the eye.

妙语点睛　这里的不定式的进行式放在形容词glad的后边。

精品译文　在面试的时候，要面带微笑，这样可以向面试官表明你非常乐意与他们交谈。当你们初次见面时，你要看着他们的眼睛。

最后要说明的是，不定式的进行式没有被动结构，只有主动结构。还有，它远没有不定式的完成式常用。对此，读者不妨了解一下。

思维总结

不定式的进行式一般也是仅用于特定的谓语动词后面，通常是在seem和happen等动词后面，表示一个正在进行的动作，或说与谓语动作同时发生的动作，相当于一个进行时态。这种形式出现得比较少，读者了解即可。

思维训练

Exercise 4.12

用括号中动词的适当形式填空。

1. A: Did you catch our very own Professor Stiller on TV last night?

B: I almost missed it! But my mother just happened 　　　 (watch) at home and gave me a call.

2. I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem 　　　 all the time.

A. to get worse

B. to be getting worse

C. to have got worse

D. getting worse





4.13　不定式的时态和语态（四）：完成进行式（to have been doing）

不定式的完成进行式to have been doing可以表示在谓语动作之前已经开始并且一直在持续进行的某一动作，其含义类似于一个完成进行时态。例如：

1　They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.

= It is said that they have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.

精品译文　据说他们一直在云南收集民歌。

其他例句还有：

2　He seems to have been sitting there all day.

精品译文　他似乎整天都坐在那里。

3　I seem to have been learning English for over ten years.

精品译文　我好像已经学了十几年英语了。

4　The little girl seems to have been watching TV all this evening.

精品译文　这个小女孩今晚好像一直在看电视。

最后要说明的是，不定式的完成进行式用得非常少，且没有被动态，只有主动态。对此，读者了解一下即可。





4.14　省去to的不定式

我们知道，不定式是由小品词to加一个动词构成的，即to do，然后在句中充当各种成分。不过有时这个小品词to可以省去，甚至是必须省去。本节就对省去to的不定式进行总结。

4.14.1　在某些动词的复合宾语中

最常见的不定式需要省去to的情况是出现在某些动词的宾语补足语中。这样的动词主要包括两类：



感觉动词（perceptional verb）：see, hear, watch, notice, feel, observe

使役动词（causative verb）：let, make, have



我们先来看下面这篇短文：

1　Americans love television talk shows. They love to hear celebrities talk about their personal lives before a national audience. And they love to watch people with different views get into heated debates. Larry King obviously knows what audiences want. That's why Americans love to watch his show, Larry King Live. Celebrities and politicians talk with King about their lives, troubles, plans and politics. And Americans enjoy watching this ordinary guy ask hard-hitting questions of the world's most prominent people.

妙语点睛　我们看到，这段话里有三处省去to的不定式：hear celebrities talk, watch people with different views get, watching this ordinary guy ask。这里没有说to talk, to get和to ask，原因就是因为这三个补足语都是用在了感觉动词hear, watch和watching后面。

精品译文　美国人喜欢看电视脱口秀节目，因为他们喜欢听名人们在全国电视观众面前谈论自己的私生活，他们还喜欢看人们因为观点不同而彼此激烈地争论交锋。拉里·金显然明白观众们的所需，这就是为什么美国观众爱看他的直播电视脱口秀节目《拉里·金在线》。在节目中，名人和政治家们与金谈论他们的生活、困难、计划和政治。美国观众非常热衷于看到这名普通的主持人对那些世界的知名人士提出刁钻的问题。

再比如下面这些例句：

2　The mother makes her son play the violin three hours a day.

精品译文　这个母亲让她儿子每天练习三个小时的小提琴。

3　The minister had his secretaries arrange a press conference.

精品译文　部长让他的秘书安排一次新闻发布会。

4　The teacher lets us write a composition every week.

精品译文　老师让我们每周写一篇作文。

5　I heard him quarrel with his wife last night.

精品译文　我听到他昨晚与妻子吵架。

6　I saw a man enter the shop.

精品译文　我看到一个人进了商店。

注意，上述谓语动词若转换为被动结构时，其后的不定式需加to。比如：

A man was seen to enter the shop.

另外，在help, listen to, look at后面可用to，也可不用to。比如：

7　Would you like to listen to me read the poem?

精品译文　你想听我读这首诗吗？

8　The teacher will help you（to）study English well.

精品译文　老师会帮你学好英语。

4.14.2　在特定的句型结构中

一、在一些短语结构中

这些结构包括：had better, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but等。

1　I cannot but admire his courage.

精品译文　我不得不敬佩他的勇气。

2　We might as well put up here for tonight.

精品译文　今晚我们不妨就在这里过夜。

3　It all started so innocently that warm June night, when I first met you, you looked so beautiful and lovely I couldn't help but fall in love with you, even though we both agreed our worlds were far apart, and could never be one.

精品译文　在那个温暖的6月的晚上，当时我第一次见到你，一切就悄然发生了。当时你看起来是那么美，那么可爱，我情不自禁地坠入情网，即使我们俩都知道，我们的世界完全不同，永远无法相交。

二、在more than, rather than, other than, than后面加不带to的不定式

这些句型中的than后面一般不接to do，而直接用动词原形。请看例句：

4　Teachers do much more than impart knowledge. They are forces in young lives.