精品译文　这家公司今年亏损达三百万英镑，直到前不久Max Harrison还是它的董事长。

2　They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.

妙语点睛　这里表示整体的是health budgets，在定语从句中用which来指代。表示部分的是the fastest-growing component，也即从句中的pharmaceutical costs，也就是说这个costs是health budgets的一部分。原从句可以改写为：of which pharmaceutical costs are the fastest-growing component。由此看来，定语从句是一个倒装句，从句主语是costs。

精品译文　他们所有人都在抱怨高涨的医疗预算，其中增长最快的部分是药品费用。

3　The total cultivated area is 13, 000 acres, of which 10, 000 acres are irrigated fields.

妙语点睛　这里显然是说，在13, 000英亩中有10, 000英亩是可灌溉的田地，这表示部分与整体的关系。原定语从句可改写为：10, 000 acres of which are irrigated fields。

精品译文　可耕地的总面积为13, 000英亩，其中10, 000英亩为可灌溉粮田。

通过以上例句，我们可以总结出该句型的结构特点如下：

1. 该句型的结构往往是“不定代词/数量词/形容词的比较级或最高级+of which/whom”，用来表示数量或某种特点。具体来讲，在介词of前面常出现的词包括：all, each, both, either, neither, none, little, few, many, much, some, most, any, the majority, half, several, a number, half, none以及数字和形容词的最高级等等。

2. 值得注意的是，这里of前面的成分都可以后移至定语从句中。比如上面的例句，我们既可以说10, 000 acres of which，也可以说of which 10, 000 acres。

再比如：

4　This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult.

妙语点睛　这里的none of which相当于none of the projects，即which指projects。可以说成：of which none has immediate...

精品译文　这种支持，如同所有的政府支持一样，需要决定谁适合作为基金的受益人。这最终要由效益来决定，可是在那些都看不到近期效益的项目中来决定谁是受益人，这就更难了。

我们再来看下面的练习：

5　Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, 　　　 obtaining water is not the least.

A. of which

B. for what

C. as

D. whose

正确答案　A。

妙语点睛　这里的obtaining water是众多problems中的一种，注意这里problems用的是复数，表明有很多问题。所以，这里表示整体的是：problems，表示部分的是：obtaining water。原从句可以改写为：obtaining water of which is not the least。

精品译文　生活在澳大利亚中部沙漠地区会有很多问题，其中最大的麻烦就是取水问题。

6　The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, 　　　 could go penniless by next year.

A. the larger one

B. the larger of which

C. the largest one

D. the largest of which

正确答案　B。

妙语点睛　这里的of前面用了比较级the larger，表示the larger fund。原定语从句可以改写为：of which the larger could go penniless by next year。

精品译文　这个“社会安全退休项目”由两支基金组成，其中较大的那支基金到明年可能就会破产。

2.7.5　固定的介宾结构

关系代词前面的介词有时与固定的介宾短语结构有关，比如in this case, in one's honor和with one's help等，它们若出现在定语从句中，则会相应地变成in which case, in whose honor和with whose help。所以，这里的关系代词which/whose前面的介词in/with是从原来的短语中继承过来的。请看例句：

1　He may be late, in which case we should wait for him.

妙语点睛　这里的in which case就是由短语in this case变过来，这里which指前面整个句子"he may be late"。

精品译文　他可能要迟到，如果是这样，我们就应该等等他。

2　He was a great writer, in whose honor this bronze statue was built.

妙语点睛　这里的in whose honor就是来自于in one's honor，表示“纪念某人”。

精品译文　他是一位伟大的作家，特此设立铜像来纪念他。

3　We extended our warm welcome to the visiting delegation in whose honor a grand banquet was given.

精品译文　我们对到访的代表团表示热烈欢迎，并设盛宴款待。

我们再来看下面这个例子，这是电影The Queen（《女王》）里首相布莱尔与英国女王的一段对白。这部电影描写了由戴安娜王妃之死引起的英国王室的信誉危机。

P. M.: Good morning, Your Majesty. Sorry to disturb. But I was just wondering whether you have seen any of today's papers.

Queen: We've managed to look at one or two. Yes.

P. M.: In which case my next question would be whether you felt some kind of response might be necessary.

Queen: No. I believe a few over-eager editors are doing their best to sell newspapers...and it would be a mistake to dance to their tune.

妙语点睛　我们看到，布莱尔在这里用了in which case这样的定语从句形式。如果把女王的上一句话和布莱尔的这句话结合起来，就是一个完整的“主句+定语从句”的结构，即We've managed to look at one or two, in which case my next question would be whether you felt some kind of response might be necessary. 这里的which case指的就是女王说的We've managed to look at one or two.

另外，从布莱尔的措辞来看，比如他用了I was just wondering...，my next question would...felt...might这样的情态动词的过去时，表明了首相布莱尔在措辞上非常小心；而女王则用一般现在时，说话直截了当，显示了君临天下的威仪。

精品译文　首相：早上好，陛下。抱歉打扰了。只是不知您是否已经看了今天的报纸。

女王：倒是看了一两份。是的。

首相：既然这样，我还要问的是，您是否觉得有必要做出某种回应。

女王：不。我想只是几个热情过度的编辑在全力地为他们的报纸打开销路……我们如果被他们牵着鼻子走就错了。

2.7.6　定语从句的倒装结构

“介词+关系代词”这种结构的定语从句往往还伴随着从句采用倒装结构。具体的结构就是“介词+关系代词+从句谓语+从句主语”，即一个将整个谓语放在主语前面的全部倒装结构。关于定语从句的倒装结构，我们在前面提到过。比如这个例句：

1　They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.

该定语从句可以改写为：of which pharmaceutical costs are the fastest-growing component，所以定语从句的主语是复数名词短语pharmaceutical costs，而不是单数，这就是为什么从句谓语用are而不是is的原因。

采用倒装的原因往往是因为定语从句的主语较复杂，所以按照英语的尾重原则而后置了。我们再来分析下面的例句：

2　This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.

图解难句



this is the world 主句

out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society 定语从句，修饰world

where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear 定语从句，修饰society


妙语点睛　这个句子有一定的难度。第一个定语从句out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society修饰world。在这个定语从句里有一个倒装结构和分隔结构。分隔结构是在the hope和of a society中间插入了短语for the first time in history，也就是说，如果没有这个插入语，就是the hope of a society，表示“希望建立这样一个社会”。整个短语the hope, for the first time in history, of a society就表示“在人类历史上，首次希望建立这样一个社会”，这个名词短语是作定语从句的主语。定语从句的谓语是grows，out of which在定语从句中作状语，所以整个定语从句是一个全部倒装结构。正常语序应该是：the hope, for the first time in history, of a society grows out of which (out of the world)。第二个定语从句where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear修饰society，说明是什么样的社会。这里有个难点是如何翻译freedom from want and freedom from fear这个短语。这里freedom from来自于形容词短语free from，表示“免除，没有”。另外名词want表示“贫困”。因此，整个短语我们可以译成“摆脱贫困，摆脱恐惧”。

精品译文　在这个世界，人类首次希望建立这样一个社会——在那里，他们将会摆脱贫困，摆脱恐惧。

3　The intellectual process I learned in that class is also life's process, because every life is a great work with all the richness of its gifts and the wealth of its possibilities. When you graduate from here, you exit with thousands of pages of personal text on which are inscribed beliefs and values shaped by years of education, family interactions, relationships, experiences. And buried within those thousands of pages is your personal truth, your essence.

妙语点睛　这段话来自惠普公司总裁在一次斯坦福大学的毕业典礼上对毕业生们的演讲。定语从句on which are inscribed beliefs and values shaped by years of education, family interactions, relationships, experiences修饰名词短语thousands of pages of personal text。该从句的主语是beliefs and values shaped by years of education, family interactions, relationships, experiences，谓语是are inscribed，on which作地点状语。所以，整个定语从句是一个全部倒装结构，正常语序是：beliefs and values shaped by years of education, family interactions, relationships, experiences are inscribed on which (on thousands of pages of personal text)。

精品译文　我在那门课中所学的掌握知识的过程，也是生活的过程。因为每种人生都是一部伟大的著作，其中包含丰富的才智和美好的可能。当你从这里毕业时，你会带着数千页的人生教科书走出校门，在这本教科书里铭刻着经过多年教育、家庭的作用、社会关系以及个人经历所形成的信念和价值观。而真实的你和你的精华就深藏在这数千页记录中。

2.7.7　“介词+关系代词+to do”结构

上面讨论的“介词+关系代词”这一定语从句结构，可以简化成不定式，于是就有了“介词+which+to do”的结构。请看例句：

1　1) The farmer used wood to build a house in which he could store grains.

2) The farmer used wood to build a house in which to store grains.

妙语点睛　由1）句简化为2）句，先是把定语从句in which he could store grains中的主语he省去（因为he与主句主语the farmer一致，所以可以省略），然后把情态动词could替换为不定式to（因为不定式具有情态意义），于是便得到in which to store grains。

精品译文　这位农夫用一些木材建造了一座房子，在那里储存粮食。

其实，我们还可以进一步简化上面的例句2），就是把关系词which去掉，此时就必须把介词in移到句末去，所以就成为：

3）The farmer used wood to build a house to store grains in.

比较上面1）、2）、3）三个句子，我们发现，在例句1）中，完全是一个定语从句（in which he could store grains）作后置定语，修饰house；在例句2）中，则是一个“半定语从句半不定式”的混合形式（in which to store grains）作后置定语，修饰house；在例句3）中，则完全是一个不定式（to store grains in）作后置定语，修饰house。也就是说，例句2）中的后置定语in which to store grains是处在定语从句和不定式之间的一个过渡形式。

需要提醒大家的是，在使用这一结构时我们应注意以下几点：

1）“介词+关系代词”不能用一个关系副词来替换。比如不能说The farmer used wood to build a house where to store grains. *

2）有介词、有关系代词时，不能将介词置于句末。比如不能说The farmer used wood to build a house which to store grains in. *

3）若没有介词，我们不能采用“半定语从句半不定式”的混合形式作后置定语。比如不能说I can't think of anybody whom to invite. * 而要说I can't think of anybody to invite. 或者I can't think of anybody who I should invite.

2　We moved to the country so that the kids would have a garden 　　　.

A. in which to play

B. to play with

C. to play in

D. to play

E. where to play

F. which to play

G. which to play in

H. in which they could play

I. which they could play in

由以上分析我们可知，此题的正确答案有：A, C, H, I。

所以，我们看到，带有“介词+关系代词”的定语从句可以有四种写法，比如：

3　1) She is not a person who you can rely on.

2) She is not a person on whom you can rely.

3) She is not a person on whom to rely.

4) She is not a person to rely on.

4　1) This is a good instrument which people can measure vibration with.

2) This is a good instrument with which people can measure vibration.

3) This is a good instrument with which to measure vibration.

4) This is a good instrument to measure vibration with.

思维总结

在“介词+关系代词”这一节中，我们共用了七个小节详尽地论述了关系词前面的介词的使用规律。我们比较系统地介绍了五大规律，它们是：

规律1：看从句选介词——介词与定语从句中的动词、形容词或名词构成固定搭配；

规律2：看先行词选介词——介词与先行词构成固定搭配；

规律3：看句义选介词——为了意思表达的需要而使用特定的介词；

规律4：表示所属关系或部分整体关系时用介词of；

规律5：固定的介宾结构。

为了让读者更好地记住和理解这些规律，我们下面作一个类比。

我们不妨把“关系代词”和“介词”看作是恋爱的双方，“介词+关系代词”的结合就相当于男女双方谈恋爱。说到男女谈恋爱，现在笔者能想到的方式无非有三种：一种是指腹为婚，一种是媒妁之言，一种是自由恋爱。

规律5就相当于关系词和介词是指腹为婚，因为关系词前面的介词是由关系词尚未“出生”前的另外一个短语规定了的，比如in which case里的介词in是由in this case这个短语已经决定了的。

规律1、2、4就相当于关系词与介词的结合是通过媒人的牵线搭桥认识的。这里的“媒人”就相当于先行词或定语从句中的动词/名词/形容词，或表示部分与整体关系的不定代词，通过它们牵线搭桥，关系词和介词才走到了一起。

规律3就相当于关系词与介词是自由恋爱，因为选用什么介词完全是与上下文的意思有关，而不是由别的因素决定。这就相当于关系词与介词情投意合，自己走到一起的。

在上述五大规律中，笔者重点阐述了“看从句选介词”（见2.7.1）和“看先行词选介词”（见2.7.2）这两大判断介词的重要方法。

此外，我们还讨论了与“介词+关系代词”有关的两大结构，即“介词+关系代词+谓语+主语”的倒装结构（见2.7.6）和“介词+关系代词+to do”的不定式结构（见2.7.7）。为了加深对这些规律的理解和应用，请读者做下面的练习。

思维训练

Exercise 2.7

1. 把下列简单句合并成定语从句。

1. He is the man and I think you can depend on him.

2. When television was first introduced, it would affect society to the extent and the extent could not have been foreseen.

3. It is useful to be able to predict the extent and to the extent a price change will affect supply and demand.

4. Public demonstrations are an effective means and by the means the people can bring social inequalities to the attention of government officials.

5. Americans regard education as the means and by this means the inequalities among individuals are to be erased and by this means every desirable end is to be achieved.

6. A frequent criticism of most online companies has been the snail's pace and at this pace they deliver their products.

2. 选择最佳答案。

7. When television was first introduced, the extent 　　　 it would affect society could not have been foreseen.

A. what

B. to which

C. to that

D. which

8. TV's influence should be measured not only in terms of immediate change in behavior, but also by the extent 　　　 it develops certain views of life.

A. to which

B. so that

C. in which

D. with which

9. It was luck again, according to Nina, that brought her the role in Mute Wife 　　　 she is best known.

A. as which

B. which

C. for which

D. to which

10. Many critics agree that the novel is an art form 　　　 women excel.

A. in which

B. to which

C. of which

D. by which

11. The goals 　　　 he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.

A. against which

B. for which

C. which

D. for that

12. Public demonstrations are an effective means 　　　 the people can bring social inequalities to the attention of government officials.

A. by this

B. with which

C. by which

D. and which

13. We assume that the meanings of these underwater sounds are similar to those 　　　 we are familiar on land.

A. to which

B. with whom

C. with that

D. with which

14. Dolphins might be trained to cooperate with fishermen and help them by finding, tracking, herding, or even catching fish-- 　　　 activities dolphins are expert.

A. at all of these

B. in all of which

C. all of which

D. in all of what

15. The buzzard can watch high in the sky the ground for signs of the waste and the dead animals 　　　 it feeds.

A. which

B. on what

C. in which

D. on which

16. She spent all evening talking about her latest book, 　　　 none of us had ever heard.

A. in that

B. in which

C. of what

D. of which

17. Agriculture was a step in human progress 　　　 which subsequently there was not anything comparable until our own machine age.

A. to

B. for

C. in

D. from

18. Oil, 　　　 there are several different types, is used for many purposes by countries all over the world.

A. which

B. in which

C. by which

D. of which

19. Many countries face some serious problems of land use, 　　　 result from population growth and the demands of modern technological living.

A. most which

B. which most

C. of most which

D. most of which

20. It is useful to be able to predict the extent 　　　 which a price change will affect supply and demand.

A. from

B. with

C. to

D. for

21. By bringing about a great leap in the speed and ease 　　　 information moves from place to place, the Internet has greatly accelerated the rate of scientific and technological changes.

A. with which

B. which

C. to which

D. by which

22. We need a chairman 　　　.

A. for whom everyone has confidence

B. in whom everyone has confidence

C. who everyone has confidence of

D. whom everyone has confidence on

23. A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, 　　　 the results were surprising.

A. as

B. which

C. what

D. of which

24. The classroom is a natural environment 　　　 and apply the concept of community service to reduce local crime problems.

A. which to introduce