15　Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

妙语点睛　这是2004年的考研翻译真题。在英文中，being done结构往往是表示原因，这里的being interested也不例外，作原因状语。

精品译文　由于沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，这使他逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。

16　Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

妙语点睛　这是1997年的考研翻译真题。这里arguing的逻辑主语是句子的主语extremists，两者构成主动关系，所以用现在分词，在这里作状语，表示原因。

精品译文　由于极端主义者认为人与动物在各相关方面都不同，因此，他们认为对待动物无需考虑道德问题。

再看其他例句：

17　It being so nice a day, let's go out for a walk.

=Since it is so nice a day, let's go out for a walk.

精品译文　今天天气真好，我们出去散步吧。

18　Not knowing what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.

=Because I don't know what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.

精品译文　由于不知道下一步该怎么做，所以我想问问你的意见。

19　Clint, horrified at what he had done, could at first say nothing.

精品译文　克林特被自己所做的事吓坏了，一开始都说不出话来。

4. 表示让步

20　Having lived in Canada for three years, he still can't speak English well.

妙语点睛　分词短语having lived in Canada for three years作状语，表示让步，相当于说though he has lived in Canada for three years, ...。

精品译文　尽管他在加拿大生活了三年，但英文依然说不好。

21　Mocked at by everybody, he had my sympathy.

妙语点睛　分词短语mocked at by everybody作状语，表示让步，相当于说though he was mocked at by everybody, ...。

精品译文　尽管大家都嘲笑他，可我很同情他。

22　Though understanding no Japanese, Charles was able to communicate with them.

精品译文　尽管查尔斯不懂日语，但他还是能够和他们交流。

23　Although usually living on or under rocks or on coral reefs, marine snails have been observed in a great variety of habitats.

精品译文　尽管海生蜗牛通常生活在岩石上下或者珊瑚礁上，在很多栖息地都能找到它们的踪影。

24　Although still running in a number of cities, the electric trolley has for the most part fallen into disuse.

精品译文　无轨电车尽管在很多城市还在运营，但是在大多数地方都已经不用它了。

5. 表示结果

一般只放在句末，否则句子的意义会不同。请比较：

25　1) Finding the door locked, I went home.

2) I went home, finding the door locked.

妙语点睛　在例句1）中，finding表示时间。在例句2）中，finding表示结果。

精品译文　1）发现门锁着，我就回家了。

2）我回到家，发现门锁着。

26　He fired, killing one of the bandits.

精品译文　他开了枪，击毙了其中一名匪徒。

27　The film The Gua Sha Treatment exposes profound cultural conflicts between the East and West, arousing concerns in Chinese audiences.

精品译文　影片《刮痧》深刻地揭示了东西方文化的差异，引起了中国观众的强烈反响。

28　In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other and merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.

妙语点睛　这里的分词短语causing heightened concerns about monopoly是表示结果，用作状语。另外，分词heightened与concerns是被动关系，所以用过去分词，在这里作定语，修饰concerns。

精品译文　近些年来，铁路公司相互合并，而成为超大型集团，这引起人们对垄断的日益关注。

29　His wife died three years ago, leaving him with five children.

精品译文　他的妻子三年前去世了，撇下他和五个孩子。

30　It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday.

精品译文　我们假期的最后两个星期都在下雨，把我们的假期全毁了。

31　The cold breath of autumn had blown away the leaves of the old ivy vine, leaving it almost bare.

精品译文　秋天的冷风把常春藤的叶子全吹落了，只剩下光秃秃的藤蔓。

32　Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.

妙语点睛　这是2003年的考研翻译真题。分词subjecting作状语，表示结果。

精品译文　而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其他形式的生命服从于人类自己独特的想法和想象。

6. 表示方式

分词用作方式状语，往往修饰句子中的谓语动词，可以放在句首，也可以放在句末。请看例句：

33　Smiling, he answered.

精品译文　他笑着回答道。

再比如下面这个句子，描述的是一个人的忧伤：

34　I watched as he turned around and walked away. He had a very sad look on his face. He walked looking only at the ground. His shoulders slumped forward as if it were the end of the world.

妙语点睛　这里的分词短语looking only at the ground修饰谓语动词walked，表示“走路”的方式——只盯着地上看。

精品译文　我看着他转过身离开了。他的神色看起来非常悲伤，走路时垂头丧气，只看着地面，肩膀无力地向前倾，仿佛世界末日来临了一般。

再看下面这个有关美人鱼的故事：

35　In Italian legends, mermaids come ashore, marry men, and bear them children. But in time these mermaid wives desert their husbands and take their children away to the depth of the ocean. The Chinese say the mermaids pass their time weaving. When they weep, their tears turn into pearls.

妙语点睛　这里的分词weaving修饰谓语动词pass，表示“度过时光”的方式——是在“织布”的过程中度过这些岁月。

精品译文　在意大利的传说中，美人鱼会上岸，与男子结婚，然后为他们生下儿女。但是，这些美人鱼最终还是要抛弃她们的丈夫们，然后带着自己的孩子回到深海里。在中国关于美人鱼的传说里，她们是在纺纱织布中度过自己的岁月。当她们感到孤独而落泪时，她们的泪珠就会变成珍珠。

再看其他例句：

36　Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.

妙语点睛　这里feeling的逻辑主语是句子的主语companies，两者构成主动关系，所以用现在分词。同样道理，trying的逻辑主语也是companies。这里的feeling threatened作状语，表示原因。第二个分词短语trying to...作方式状语，修饰谓语responded。

精品译文　由于感到了威胁，公司的反应是努力预见所有可能的事故，写出无比冗长的警告标签。

37　She came running hurriedly into her husband's office one morning.

妙语点睛　分词短语running hurriedly作状语，表示came的方式。

精品译文　一天早上，她匆忙地跑进她丈夫的办公室。

7. 表示补充说明或伴随状况

这与前面讲过的表示方式很类似，有时难以区分。我们来看本章一开始有关Titanic的故事中的这句话：

38　And that is where they were last seen, standing arm in arm on the deck, this devoted wife clinging courageously to her husband, this loving husband clinging protectively to his wife, as the ship sank. Together forever...

妙语点睛　三个分词短语standing arm in arm..., clinging courageously...和clinging protectively...显然是具体补充说明where they were last seen的，表示人们最后见到他们时的场景。

精品译文　这就是人们最后见到他们时的场景：当船缓缓下沉的时候，他们手挽着手站在甲板上，这位忠贞的妻子勇敢地紧靠着她的丈夫，这位深情的丈夫也紧靠着他的妻子，保护着她。他们永远在一起……

39　The Chinese word for crisis is divided into two characters, one meaning danger and the other meaning opportunity.

妙语点睛　这里的两个独立分词结构one meaning danger和the other meaning opportunity补充说明前面的two characters。

精品译文　中文中的“危机”分为两个字，一个意味着危险，另一个意味着机会。

40　She had her hands full every minute, fetching water, building the fire and washing.

妙语点睛　这里的三个分词短语fetching water, building the fire和washing补充说明had her hands full。

精品译文　她挑水、生炉子、洗洗涮涮，忙个不停。

41　I found that for many years he was a recluse, wandering the campus, talking to no one, drinking coffee, smoking cigarettes, paging through piles of newspapers and magazines.

妙语点睛　这里的五个分词短语wandering the campus, talking to no one, drinking coffee, smoking cigarettes, paging through piles of newspapers和magazines补充说明关键词recluse。

精品译文　多年来，他一直形单影只，漫步在校园中，从不和旁人搭腔，一个人喝咖啡，一个人抽闷烟，日子在翻阅成堆的报章杂志中流逝。

再比如下面这个句子，讲的是一个老外如何体验中国人的生活（living the real China）：

42　Most recently, he's begun working for Pacific Ethnography, a private research firm. For one project he sat with migrant workers on pieces of cardboard, drinking Qingdao beer, smoking Double Happiness cigarettes and talking about cellphones.

妙语点睛　这里的三个分词短语drinking..., smoking...和talking...修饰谓语sat，表示伴随的状况。

精品译文　最近，他开始为一家名叫“太平洋人物志”的私人研究公司工作。在一个研究项目里，他和那些民工们坐在一起，喝着青岛啤酒，抽着双喜牌香烟，聊着手机。

43　She lay sick, scarcely moving on her bed, looking through the small window at the blank side of the next brick house.

精品译文　她病倒了，躺在床上几乎一动也不动，只能隔着小窗望着隔壁砖房侧面的那堵墙。

44　"You needn't get any more wine," said Johnsy, keeping her eyes fixed out the window.

精品译文　“你不再需要酒了。”约翰茜说，眼睛盯着窗外。

45　Then Sue marched into Johnsy's room with her drawing board, whistling a merry tune.

精品译文　随后，苏拿着画板走进约翰茜的房间，吹着欢快的口哨。

46　I was talking on the radio, telling the guys to bring in resources, activating rapid mobilizations from around the city, calling in cops from every precinct.

妙语点睛　这里的三个分词短语telling..., activating...和calling...修饰谓语was talking，表示伴随的状况，或者说是补充说明，以详细说明“我”当时通过电台在具体干什么。

精品译文　我当时正通过无线电台告诉大家带来各种东西，让整个城市动员起来，并召集各辖区的警察。（这里是讲9.11救灾场景）

二、“with+名词短语+分词”作状语的意义

上文说过，“with+名词短语+分词”这一结构作状语，所表达的意义主要有两类：一是表示伴随状况、补充说明、具体举例等，二是表示原因。我们来看下列这篇短文：

47　London was found to be the least punctual city, with 41 per cent of respondents admitting that they were hardly ever on time, compared with the national average of 28 per cent. Cardiff was the most punctual city where 19. 8 per cent stated that they were typically late.

David Holmes, a social psychologist at Manchester Metropolitan University, said, "Good timekeeping is becoming a forgotten social etiquette, with a new generation considering lateness the norm rather than a faux pas that should be avoided.”

"Mobile phones have broken many social taboos, with people answering calls in the middle of a conversation or chatting away on the toilet. This again demonstrates the effect modern technology has on our behavior."

精品译文　调查显示，伦敦是最不守时的城市，有41%的受访者承认他们历来很少准时，而在全英国，这样的人占28%。卡迪夫是最守时的城市，只有19.8%的受访者说他们总是迟到。

曼切斯特都市大学的社会心理学家戴维·霍尔姆斯说：“良好的守时习惯正在成为被遗忘的社交礼节，新的一代都认为迟到很正常，不是应该避免的失礼行为。”

他还说：“手机打破了很多社会禁忌，人们在交谈中接听手机，或者在如厕时大聊特聊。这又一次证明现代科技对我们的行为产生了影响。”

现来，我们分析这个短文中的句子。

1. 表示补充说明等

48　London was found to be the least punctual city, with 41 per cent of respondents admitting that they were hardly ever on time, compared with the national average of 28 per cent.

妙语点睛　这句话的主句部分说London was found to be the least punctual city（伦敦是最不守时的城市），接下来就采用了独立分词结构with 41 percent of respondents admitting...来为这一结论提供数据支持，即分词短语起着补充主句的作用。

我们再来看下面的例句：

49　When asked, "Do you consider yourself an optimistic or pessimistic person?" 53 per cent of the students replied "optimistic", with 21 per cent choosing "pessimistic", and 26 per cent "unsure".

妙语点睛　这句话的主句部分是说明“认为自己乐观”的人数，通过独立分词结构with 21 per cent choosing "pessimistic", and 26 per cent "unsure"来补充说明剩下的人的选择。

精品译文　当被问到“你觉得自己是乐观的人还是悲观的人”时，53%的学生回答了“乐观”，而有21%的人选择了“悲观”，剩下26%的人则回答“不确定”。

50　Mobile phones have broken many social taboos, with people answering calls in the middle of a conversation or chatting away on the toilet.

妙语点睛　这句话的主句部分得出mobile phones have broken many social taboos（手机打破了很多社会禁忌）这一结论，然后采用独立分词结构with people answering calls in the middle of a conversation or chatting away on the toilet来为这一结论提供具体的例证，比如人们在和别人的谈话过程中接听手机，或在上厕所时也打手机，而这些行为以前都是被认为是不文明、不礼貌的。

我们再来看一个这种“结论+例证”关系的例子，这是2001年的考研真题：

51　Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port 　　　 half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.

A. to announce

B. announced

C. announcing

D. was announced

正确答案　B。

妙语点睛　本题考查“with+名词短语+分词”这一独立分词结构。这句话的逻辑主语是the British recapture of the port，与动词announce构成被动关系，故用过去分词announced。这里的主句部分说明一个情况，即good news was sometimes released prematurely（好消息有时会过早地被公布），然后采用独立分词结构with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered来具体举例说明。

精品译文　好消息有时会过早地被公布，比如有报道说英国已夺回了这个港口，而实际上半天之后敌军才真正投降。

再看其他例句：

52　With more than 3 million hardcover copies sold in its first two years of publication, Who Moved My Cheese? has become an amazing best-seller, topping the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Business Week and USA Today lists.

精品译文　《谁动了我的奶酪？》一书的精装本在出版后的头两年里，共售出了三百多万本，成为了炙手可热的畅销书，雄踞《纽约时报》、《华尔街日报》、《商业周刊》以及《今日美国》的排行榜榜首。

细心的读者会发现，从位置关系来看，这种表示补充说明或具体举例的独立分词结构通常是放在句末，很少有放在句首的。

2. 表示原因

这种分词结构还可以表示原因，比如上面短文中的例句：

53　Good timekeeping is becoming a forgotten social etiquette, with a new generation considering lateness the norm rather than a faux pas that should be avoided.

妙语点睛　这句话的主句部分good timekeeping is becoming a forgotten social etiquette（良好的守时习惯正在成为被遗忘的社交礼节）是得出一个结论，然后采用独立分词结构with a new generation considering lateness the norm rather than a faux pas that should be avoided来表示得出此结论的原因，即“新的一代人都认为迟到很正常，并不是失礼行为而应该避免”。

精品译文　良好的守时习惯正在成为被遗忘的社交礼节，因为新的一代都认为迟到很正常，不是应该避免的失礼行为。

我们再来看下面这个例句：

54　Both Romania and of course Britain, America's staunchest ally, support a US-led war on Iraq. With war seeming inevitable, is there anything that the US can do to reverse the erosion to its image? Time and again, people questioned on the streets this week cited fears that the US is serving as a kind of "global sheriff".

妙语点睛　这里的独立分词结构with war seeming inevitable位于主句前面，表示原因。

精品译文　罗马尼亚，当然还有英国这个美国最坚定的同盟，支持以美国为首来发动一场战争，攻打伊拉克。既然战争似乎一触即发，美国还能有什么办法来挽回自己形象的损失？这周在大街上接受采访的百姓都担心，美国正在扮演一个“国际治安官”的角色。

从上面这个例子我们看到，表示原因的分词结构可以置于主句前面（表示补充说明的分词结构一般不可以）。我们再看一道四级考题：

55　　　　 the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn't go on with the experiment. (2000 CET-4)

A. With

B. For

C. As

D. Since

正确答案　A。

妙语点睛　本题考查“with+名词短语+分词”这一独立分词结构。这里不能填入连词，所以B、C、D均不正确。这里的独立分词结构with the temperature falling so rapidly显然是表示原因，来说明后面主句表示的“我们不能继续进行实验了”。

精品译文　由于温度下降过快，我们不能继续进行实验了。

三、分词短语作状语时可以保留相应的连词

分词短语作状语可与相应的连词连用。用在连词后面的分词短语作状语，相当于简化后的状语从句保留了连词。例如：

56　Once deprived of oxygen, the brain dies.

=Once it is deprived of oxygen, the brain dies.

妙语点睛　once强调时间。

精品译文　一旦缺氧，大脑就会死亡。

57　Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers."

妙语点睛　这是2003年考研阅读真题第二篇。这里的三个分词asked, assured和asked的逻辑主语是she，构成被动关系，所以都用了过去分词，作状语，表示时间，所以我们可以在分词前面加上时间连词，比如when assured。

精品译文　当问到她是否反对接种时，她问疫苗是否来自动物实验。当被告知的确如此时，她回答道：“那么我不得不说，是的，我反对接种”。当问到瘟疫再次爆发怎么办时，她说：“不用担心，科学家们将会用计算机找到一些解决问题的办法。”

58　Be careful while crossing the road.

妙语点睛　这里while强调时间。

精品译文　过马路时要小心。

59　After talking to you, I always feel much better.

精品译文　和你谈过之后，我总是感觉好多了。

60　Although exhausted by the walk, he continued his journey.

妙语点睛　这里although强调让步。

精品译文　虽然走得很累了，他还是继续旅行。

61　Though raised in San Francisco, Dave had always preferred to record the plain facts of small-town life.

妙语点睛　这里的分词短语作让步状语，所以这里保留了连词though。

精品译文　尽管戴夫是在旧金山这样的大城市中长大的，但他总是喜欢记录小城镇的生活中的点滴。

62　Although usually living on or under rocks or on coral reefs, marine snails have been observed in a great variety of habitats.

精品译文　尽管海生蜗牛通常生活在岩石上下或者珊瑚礁上，在很多栖息地都能找到它们的踪影。